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Following circumscribed monocular retinal lesions most cells located in the lesion projection zone (LPZ) in the cat’s primary visual cortices remain binocular but their receptive fi elds (RFs) revealed by stimulation via the lesioned eye, are displaced into proximity of the lesion. The process of topographic reorganization (adaptive learning) of the visual cortex, is based on spike timing-dependent plasticity rather than the classical Hebbian rules [Young et al. (2007) Nat Neurosci 10: 887–895]. The contrast sensitivities of the classical RFs of LPZ neurons revealed by stimulation via the lesioned eye are signifi cantly lower, while the suppresive infl uences of their “silent”, extra-classical RFs are weaker than those of their counterparts revealed by stimulation via non-lesioned eye. Other properties (e.g. orientation, spatial and temporal frequency preferences) however match well the properties of RFs revealed by stimulation via non-lesioned eye. These similarities are presumably visual experience-dependent, that is, they are related to the fact that in the post-lesion period (from adolescence to maturity), the neuronal activities originating from each retina are correlated by effectively synchronized exposure to the same visual stimuli. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ectopic RFs are based on enhancement of the synaptic effi cacy of long-range, excitatory intracortical connections. Financial support: Nencki Institute, Poland; NHMRC and ARC grants, Australia.
The smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the arterial media play a predominant role in functional and structural alterations of the arterial wall. The transition from the “contractile” to the “synthetic” phenotype appears to be an early critical event in the development of atherosclerotic disease. A number of observations suggest that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (calcitriol) is of importance in maintaining normal cardiovascular function through its receptors in cardiac myocytes or aortal SMCs. The present study has focused on the microtubular (MT) network reorganisation after exposure to calcitriol. SMCs isolated by enzymatic digestion from the aortal media of neonatal rats were cultured on glass cover slips. 1 μM of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was added to the culture medium every second day. The cytoskeletal features of SMCs after calcitriol were visualised by the immunofluorescence staining of α-tubulin. The alterations in α-tubulin expression and the distribution of microtubules related to the activities of the vascular smooth muscle cells, namely adhesion, migration, multilayer formation and cell division, were observed. A spindle shape, decreased cell adhesion, low expression of α-tubulin and a longitudinally arranged microtubular network manifested the high rate of SMC differentiation in the calcitriol-treated culture. A flat stellate morphology, high expression of α-tubulin and a radially distributed three-dimensional microtubular network were observed in the SMCs of the control culture. Destructive changes in the microtubular architecture which altered the cellular shape were evident in SMCs undergoing apoptosis. Cells with apoptotic features were more frequent in calcitriol-exposed culture. In contrast to the regular SMC divisions observed in the control culture, some of the mitotic cells exposed to calcitriol contained broader bipolar, multipolar or disordered spindles. These alterations in the SMCs’ microtubular cytoskeleton after calcitriol treatment were concomitant with changes in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and may suggest a similarity to atherosclerotic plaque formation.
The sequence of anatomical and ultrastructural events leading to the syncytium development in tomato roots infected with Globodera rostochiensis was examined. The syncytia were preferentially induced in cortical or pericyclic cells in the elongation zone of root. They developed towards the vascular cylinder by incorporation of new cells via local cell wall breakdown. After surrounding primary phloem bundle and reaching xylem tracheary elements syncytia spread along vascular cylinder. Roots in primary state of growth seemed to be the best place for syncytium induction as syncytia formed in the zone of secondary growth were less hypertrophied. At the ultrastructural level syncytial elements were characterized by strong hypertrophy, breakdown of central vacuole, increased volume of cytoplasm, proliferation of organelles, and enlargement of nuclei. On the syncytial wall adjoining vessels the cell wall ingrowths were formed, while the syncytial walls at interface of phloem were considerably thickened. They lacked of functional plasmodesmata and did not form any ingrowths. Using immunofluorescent-labelling and immunogold-labelling methods tomato expansin 5 protein was localized in nematode infected roots. The distribution of LeEXP A5 was restricted only to the walls of syncytia. The protein distribution pattern indicated that LeEXP A5 could mediates cell wall expansion during hypertrophy of syncytial elements.
Spośród odmian wpisanych do rejestru od 1994 roku stosunkowo największy sukces, wyrażający się co najmniej 10% udziałem w reprodukcji nasiennej w ciągu 3 lat od rejestracji, odniosły: ‘Start’ i ‘Olga’ w bobiku, ‘Komandor’ i ‘Merlin’ w grochu jadalnym, ‘Wiato’ w pastewnym, ‘Butan’ i ‘Boros’ w łubinie białym, ‘Sonet’, ‘Baron’ i ‘Cezar’ w wąskolistnym oraz ‘Mister’ w żółtym, a także ‘Hanka’ w wyce jarej i ‘Wista’ w ozimej. Jednocześnie wiele odmian nigdy w czasie swojej rejestracji nie przekroczyło nawet kilkuprocentowego progu repartycji na plantacjach nasiennych. Najbardziej dostępne na rynku w latach 2003-2005 były nasiona siewne odmian, które zostały zarejestrowane co najmniej kilka, a nawet kilkadziesiąt lat wcześniej, przy czym żadna z najbardziej popularnych nie należała do najwyżej plonujących w swoim gatunku. Konieczność finansowania nowych odmian w znacznej mierze ze środków własnych powinna zmusić hodowców i firmy nasienne do szybkiego wchodzenia ze swoim materiałem siewnym na rynek, zwłaszcza w okresie powszechnej dostępności odmian także ze wspólnotowego katalogu.
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