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Subject and purpose of work: This work presents an economic theory of religion. Its aim is to gain insight into one of the modern concepts of religion in the perspective of secularisation. Materials and methods: While describing the essence of this theory, apart from personal views, also other opinions of contemporary sociologists of religion were used. Results: This study highlighted the fact that the presented concept has a diverse range of references and interprets religion in a specific way. It is a concept competing against the secularisation thesis, and its essence is in direct application of the rational choice theory and exchange theory. Conclusions: Approaching religion only through the formula of supply, significantly reduces the field of interpretation and does not explain all the mechanisms of religious changes in the contemporary world.
The problem of respecting the patients’ religious-based decisions seems to play increasingly important role in medical practice. Most probably it happens because: (i) bioethical standards accentuate the principle of the respect for autonomy (the departure form medical paternalism) and (ii) the contacts between people belonging to different religious traditions are becoming more and more frequent (the process of globalization). Toleration, in particular toleration of patients’ religious convictions, needs to be considered as a vital issue for the pluralistic societies. A four-principle approach to medical ethics is assumed as a theoretical base for this study. The main methodological steps could be described as: (i) identification of a ‘considered judgment’ (proper to the problem in concern), (ii) its specification, and (iii) balancing/ overriding. According to the internationally accepted proclamations of human rights, the positive obligation to tolerate religious beliefs is indicated as the principle which should govern the process of dealing with the patients’ religiously motivated decisions. The special status of patients’ religious-based decisions as well as the ‘obliging force’ of them is considered. The article concludes with guidelines on how to help doctors resolve moral dilemma related to tolerance of patients’ religious-based decisions.
Subject and purpose of work: The work presents the participation of religious ideas in shaping ethical attitudes in business. Its purpose is to indicate the need to consolidate ethical principles in economics with the use of various possibilities of social persuasion. Materials and methods: The research was based on literature studies, including religious, philosophical and historical literature. In particular, the method of induction was employed - from rules to conclusions. Attention was paid to the considerations of the method itself. Results: The development of research on the method required the recognition of the role of reason - autonomous with respect to faith. Findings of St. Thomas Aquinas (distinction between act and possibility, forms and matter, recognition of the causal linkage between events, negation of the dual truth about the same event) and W. Ockham (entities are not to be multiplied without necessity) are still valid today. Conclusions: Religious ideas support economic activity by propagating ethical norms of behaviour. This, in turn, evokes the view of J.M. Keynes about the important role of ideas as such. The significance of the Bible goes far beyond religious aspects.
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