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Parasite diseases constitute a tremendous danger for human life all over the world, hence there is an urgent need for the recognition of the defense mechanisms of our body against these protozoan pathogens. The aim of this review has been to present the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as constituents of innate immunity engaged in the fight against parasites, mainly protozoan, that are the cause of illness among people and animals. This review also shows the means by which the protozoan can control the immunological response to extend their survival inside the host.
Research on Toll-like receptors (TLR), an important receptor family in immunology, has recently been extended to research connected with animals, such as ruminates (sheep and cattle), swine, dogs, cats and poultry. In ruminates TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 have been demonstrated; in swine, TLR2, 4, 6 and 9; in dogs,TLR2, 4 and 9; in cats TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9; whereas in poultry TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 have been noted. On the basis of the homology between TLR in animals and in human and mice and the role and place of occurrence it has been proved that TLR plays a very important role in animals, similar to that in humans and mice.
Reactivation of CD8 T cells exhausted in chronic viral infection. Combining oncolytic virus with immune cells for synergistic treatment of cancer. Dendritic cells involved in innate antitumor immune response. TLRs as choice targets for drugs. TLR triggers Vitamin D-mediated innate immunity. Progress in antibody research - nanobodies. Defective dendritic cell apoptosis plays a role in autoimmunity.
Fragments of bacterial and viral DNA are identified by the immune system of vertebrates which cause the activation of specific and non-specific mechanisms of immunological response. Similar immunostimulating effects can be achieved by using oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) consisting of unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides (CpG ODN). Numerous studies show the capability of their appliance in treating bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, as well as in the therapy of tumors and cancers and in specific immunoprophylactics of many kinds of animal (including bird) diseases. This fact creates the capability of using CpG ODN in large scale poultry production. The authors describe the influence of CpG ODN on immune system cells and the possibilities of the practical application of CpG ODN in therapy and immunoprophylaxis of poultry diseases.
Successful replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture. Relationship between infectivity and size of prion protein aggregates. Organ tropism of prions specified by chronic lymphocytic inflammation. Urinary prion excretion. Controversial opinions about the usefulness of Göttinger BSE-test for intravital diagnosis. Toll-like receptors control B-cell response. How tumours avoid the immune responses. Insulin is a primary autoantigen for autoimmune diabetes. An immunomodulatory molecule of Bacteroides fragilis.
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