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The objective was to identify the main factors influencing micronutrient policies in the opinion of policy actors in ten European countries. Study was carried out during Jan-Nov 2010 in European countries: the Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Spain. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with representatives of stakeholders involved in the vitamin D, folate and iodine policy making process. Fifty eight key informants representing mainly scientific advisory bodies (n=24) and governmental organisations (n=19) participated in the study. The remaining interviewees represented non-governmental organisations (n=6), industry (n=4) or were independent academic or health professional experts (n=5). Data were analysed by theoretical interpretative thematic analysis. Insights from interviewees on the development of micronutrient policies were grouped using the Public Health Nutrition Policy-making model. The main factors influencing the micronutrient policies were: systematic monitoring of nutrition and health, causal relationships between consumers' diet-related behaviours and health outcomes, scientific recommendations from national bodies (Science area); scientific recommendations from international authorities and experiences of other countries, EU legislation, cultural factors (Wider context) and political environment, national capacity to deal with the problem, national legislation, economics, stakeholder engagement, relationships between stakeholders (Policy and institutions area). The spectrum and weight of the factors influencing nutritional policy depends on nutrient, country and degree of its "advanced status" within nutrition policy, political environment, culture and socio-economic conditions as well as the point of view (who is expressing the opinion).
The present qualitative and quantitative study on macrozoobenthos was conducted in 1998 in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea adjacent to the Słowinski National Park (SNP). The macrozoobenthos of this zone exhibited quantitative scarcity (12 species) and low content of the wet mass. More frequent were only Oligochaeta, Pygospio elegans, and Batyporeia pilosa. Because of a better specific diversity, density, and wet mass of the macrozoobenthos in the zone outside 1 nautical mile limit, the author suggests widening the proposed marine protected zone of the SNP giving it the status of marine Landscape Park up to 3 nautical miles.
The extinct rabbits, Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930) and Hypolagus brachygnathus (Petényi, 1864) were the most abundant European representatives of Hypolagus (Leporidae, Archeolaginae). In Poland their fossil remains are known from rich accumulations filling karst forms of the Kraków-Wieluń Upland and Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Review of the Polish Plio-Pleistocene (Ruscinian to Biharian) material from seven localities and the description of new specimens from six localities are given. The history of research on the Central European Hypolagus is summarised and the emended differential diagnoses with synonymy are provided for each species, accompanied by descriptions of the type material. On the basis of over 11,000 specimens, the quantitative analysis (descriptive statistics and ANOVA), as well as the detailed study of tooth enamel pattern (P2 and p3 morphotype analysis) and the bone morphology were conducted, which enabled to assess the intra- and interspecific variability. H. beremendensis, the smaller and gracile species persisted from the Late Pliocene (MN 15, Węże 1 locality) to the earliest Pleistocene (Kamyk locality). In Kamyk it co-occurred with the larger, robust, and predominant H. brachygnathus, which survived in Poland until the end of the Biharian (Zalesiaki 1A locality). Palaeoecology and adaptations of both species and the possible causes of their extinction are discussed.
Influence of Housing System on Selected Quality Characteristics of Duck Meat. Chapter 2. Muscovy duck. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of housing system on the selected quality characteristic of breast muscles of Muscovy (MR71) ducks. The ducks were divided into four experimental groups according to their sex and housing system: intensive system (IS) and outdoor system (OS). Analysis was performed for a total of 48 breast muscle (12 in each experimental group: 2 x gender; 2 x rearing system). For test samples of meat there were determined: chemical composition, physicochemical properties and the sensory attributes of the breast muscles.There was no effect of housing system on the proximate composition of breast muscles of both MR71 ducks. Rearing system of ducks MR71 had significant (P<0.05) effect on cooking loss. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed, that meat of MR71 ducks from free range system is better perceived by the consumers than the meat of MR71 ducks from the intensive system, mainly for its greater tenderness and flavor.
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