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Current anatomical texts describe only two tendinous origins of the rectus femoris muscle. The authors identified one older reference in which a third head of the rectus femoris muscle was briefly described. In order to confirm the existence of this head, 48 adult cadavers (96 sides) underwent detailed dissection of the proximal attachments of the rectus femoris muscle. Of these sides 83% were found to harbour a recognised third head of the rectus femoris muscle. This additional head was found to attach deeply to the iliofemoral ligament and superficially with the tendon of the gluteus minimus muscle as it attached into the femur. This tendon attached to the anterior aspect of the greater trochanter in an inferolateral direction compared to the straight head. The mean length and width of the third head was 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively. The mean thickness was found to be 3 mm. Most commonly this third head was bilaterally absent or bilaterally present. However, 4.2% were found only on left sides and 5.2% were found only on right sides. The angle created between the reflected and third heads was approximately 60 degrees. Two sides (both left sides with one female and one male specimen) were found to have third heads that were bilaminar. These bilaminar third heads had a distinct layer attaching to the underlying iliofemoral ligament and a superficial layer blending with the gluteus minimus tendon to insert onto the greater trochanter. Although the function of such an attachment is speculative, the clinician may wish to consider this structure in the interpretation of imaging or in surgical procedures in this region, as in our study it was present on the majority of sides.
The research was conducted on a selected group of 65 healthy German Shepherd Dogs to determine Q angle values. The animals were tranquilized, positioned in ventrodorsal recumbency, and examined radiologically. The radiographs were converted into digital form and analyzed by specialized software to determine the lines and to make measurements. The Q angle assessment was based on the determination of two lines according to Kaiser and Miles in previous research. The first line was drawn from the cranial lip of the acetabulum of the hip joint to the centre of the femoral intercondylar notch. The second line was drawn from the femoral intercondylar notch to the tibial tuberosity. The angle between these two lines was the Q angle. The results were statistically analyzed, and basic statistical parameters were calculated, such as statistical mean (Me), standard deviation (SD), as well as minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) values. In our study the mean of the results was 17 with a standard deviation of 7.38. These results are are in agreement with the results of studies carried out on foxes, which suggests that the selection of patients of the same breed, size and similar body weight does not significantly reduce the standard deviation in determining the reference values. The differences between the right and left hind limbs were also observed in our study.
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