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There are numerous cases of dermatitis described world-wide and resulting from the influence of the furcocercaria of the bird schistosome. The host snail species of the schistosome, producing thousands of furcocercaria are common in our country. But, because of too general symptoms of dermatitis resulting from the influence of the schistosome of the larvae, there are many unrecognisable cases. The reaction described was typical of a twenty-seven-year-old man collecting snails in the Piechota Bay in Gostynin (the Province of Kuyavia and Pomerania). In that reservoir, individuals of Lymnaea stagnalis were found, which were infected with sporocysts and furcocercaria of Trichobilharzia ocellata. In the laboratory conditions, a high expulsion of cercaria was observed, which amounted to over 8000 larvae per snail.
Qualities of microscopical pictures of digenean larvae total slides stained with different acetocarmines were compared. Semichon's acidifying carmine for topographical staining. Schneider's and Belling's carmines for chromosomes as well as iron acetocarmine (modification of the last two) were used. The last stain permits to obtain the slides, that in respect of their colour and quality of microscopical picture may be compared with slides stained with Semichon's carmine. Contrast, colour and reaction of staining depend on concentration of iron acetate in the staining solution. Total slides of investigated larvae stained respectively with Schneider's and Belling's carmines are not enough readable.
Susceptibility of snails to infection with larvae of digenetic trematodes is determined by: degree of infectivity of a parasite race, causal ecological factors, and efficiency of defence reactions. In the article indications of resistance and immunity of these animals to such infections are presented, with regard to mechanisms of cellular and humoral forms of the immunological response. Some aspects of altered by a parasite dynamics of defence reactions of a host, like: occurrence of opportunistic infections (development of the immunological tolerance state for homo- and heterologous reinfections), adaptive immunity, and cases of survival of parasitic larvae in naturally resistant snails are discussed.
Mechanism of pathogenesis of somatic gigantism of water snails infected with development stages of digenetic trematodes is a complex phenomenon. The manner of origination of these abnormalities is often dependent on accepted host-parasite relationship. In the article there are discussed essential foundations of hypotheses explaining snails' parasitological gigantism as a consequence of alterations in gonadal activity (e.g. the hypothesis of disturbances in energetic budget of a host) or of different aspects of the parasite effect on activity of the neurosecretory centres, involved in the control of somatic growth, as well as a possibility of production by parthenites some compounds, acting synergically with host's growth neurohormone.
In the article several models of pathogenesis of parasitic castration of snails infected with developmental stages of digenetic trematodes are presented. Some aspects of mechanical and chemical damage of the gonad and changes in tissues of this organ, caused by its starvation - developing as a consequence of competition between the host and its parasites, are discussed. Particular attention was paid to potential effect of the parasitic larvae on physiology of the hormonal system of the host.
To supply more documentary evidence for the effect of parasitic infection on activity of neurosecretory centres in the cerebral ganglia of the snail host, caudo-dorsal and light green cells of adult individuals of Lymnaea stagnalis naturally infected with digenean parthenites were subjected to karyometric analysis. In infected animals significant enlargement of nuclear volumes of both examined types of neurosecretory cells was ascertained. Mean nuclear volume of the light green cells in snails infected with Furcocercariae was significantly lower in comparison with the individuals infected with parthenites from groups Echinostomata and Xiphidiocercariae. In remaining cases differences in nuclear volumes among subpopulations distinguished on the ground of an infection factor were not statistically significant.
Studies upon behariour of snails in anthropogenically changed water environment. 1. Locomotor activity of lymnaea stagnalis (L), with regard to subpopulations infected with developmental stages of digeneans. The aim of the paper was to analyse the locomotor activity of snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, with regard to physico-chemical properties of water in an inhabited reservoir and parasitic infection. The material was collected in selected anthropogenic water environments situated in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (sinkhole ponds, sand-and clay-excavations). The locomotor activity of each snail was analysed in laboratory conditions by designation of number of penetrated segments, marked in tanks filled with water originating from a given reservoir, during 15', with intervals of l'. It was observed the significant relationship between locomotor activity of examined snails and the water carbonaceous hardness (r = -0,812, at range of the independent variable 173.0-863.5 mg CaCO₃/dm³). Correlation coefficients with other physico-chemical parameters of water were close to zero. Locomotion of snails infected with developmental stages of digenetic trematodes was significantly lower comparing to non-infected individuals. Locomotor activity of these former ones was dependend more on degree of the digestive gland damage by the parasite than on the infection agent.
Total protein and activities of: alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in haemolymph of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, naturally infected with digenean larvae were investigated. There were no any changes in these parameters in the snails infected with Cercaria tenuispina that occupies mainly haemocoel sinuses. Significant increase of activities of all examined enzymes in haemolymph of the snails infected with larvae belonging to the Furcocercariae group was ascertained. These changes were proportional to the degree of injury of the digestive gland, examined with the use of the thymol turbidity test. Total protein level was significantly higher only in haemolymph of snails with higher values of this test.
Accumulation of zinc in epithelial cells of the digestive gland tubules of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis after subacute intoxication with zinc acetate (strong increasing doses of the metal in short period of time) was histochemically examined using dithizone. Large zinc granules observed in medial and basal parts of calcium cells permitted to conclude that this metal is binded in cytoplasm mainly on granules built of calcium and magnesium phosphate. There were no smaller concentrations of zinc, that would be indicative for metal binding with cytoplasmatic metallothionein-like proteins. In calcium cells of the digestive gland tubules of snails infected with digenean larvae accumulation of zinc was stronger, that would be an aspect of compensatory reaction.
Acid and neutral lipids in epithelial cells building tubules of the digestive gland of snails naturally infected with digenean larvae were stained with nil blue sulphate. Strong decrease in number of phospholipids granules in secretory cells, as well as in calcium cells in the infected glands was observed. The larvae caused also decrease of number of neutral lipids in both types of cells, but these changes were much smaller and did not refer to small granules laying in top parts of the epithelial cells. Changes in number of lipids granules were limited only to the cells of tubules damaged by parasites.
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