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The results presented demonstrate the influence of aromatic indolinic aminoxyls: 1,2-dihydro-2-ethyl-2-phenyl-3.H-indole-3-phenylimino-1-oxyl (IA-C2) and 1,2-dihydro- 2-octadecyl-2-phenyl-3.H-indole-3-phenylimino-1-oxyl (IA-C18) on oxidation of lipids and proteins of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. We have used doxorubicin and t-butyl hydroperoxide as agents inducing oxidative stress in isolated rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane system. Carbonyl groups were measured as the end product of membrane protein oxidation, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed as a marker of lipid pero- xidation. Inhibition of peroxidation of certain membrane components depends on the length of acyl chain. Aminoxyl IA-C2 inhibits the lipid peroxidation process while IA-C18 is an efficient protector against protein oxidation.
Cardiovascular ageing is associated with an increase in cardiac susceptibility to ischaemia and reperfusion and production of reactive oxygen species has been suspected to be responsible for this age-associated particular vulnerability. To determine whether administration of antioxidant treatment could afford some protection against ischaemia and reperfusion during aging, isolated perfused hearts from adult and senescent rats were submitted to normoxia (180 min), prolonged low-flow ischaemia (15% of initial coronary flow;180 min) or low-flow ischaemia/reperfusion (45 min/30 min), without or with antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase+catalase; 50IU/ml). Contractile function and coronary perfusion were measured and protein oxidation was quantitated in left ventricle after normoxia, ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion. Protein oxidation was higher in senescent than in adult hearts after ischaemia-reperfusion, in contrast to prolonged ischaemia. During prolonged ischaemia, antioxidant treatment prevented coronary vasoconstriction at both ages and delayed contractile dysfunction in senescent hearts but did not limit protein oxidation. During reperfusion, antioxidant treatment prevented coronary vasoconstriction and protein oxidation at both ages and considerably improved recovery of contractile function in senescent hearts. In conclusion, antioxidant treatment fully protects the senescent heart against ischaemia/reperfusion but not against prolonged ischaemia injury, indicating that oxidative stress plays a central role in the age-associated vulnerability to ischaemia-reperfusion.
The objective of this study was to assess the dynamics of oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA under conditions of oxidative stress triggering early stages of estrogen-dependent carcinogenesis. A rodent model of carcinogenesis was used. Syrian hamsters were sacrificed after 1, 3, 5 h and one month from the initial implantation of estradiol. Matching control groups were used. Kidneys as target organs for estradiol-mediated oxidative stress were excised and homogenized for biochemical assays. Subcellular fractions were isolated. Carbonyl groups (as a marker of protein oxidation) and lipid hydroxyperoxides were assessed. DNA was isolated and 8-oxodGuo was assessed. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to confirm the results for lipid peroxidation. Exposition to estradiol in the rodent model leads to damage of macromolecules of the cell, including proteins and DNA, but not lipids. Proteins appear to be the primary target of the damage but are closely followed by DNA. It has previously been speculated that protein peroxides can increase DNA modifications. This time sequence was observed in our study. Nevertheless, the direct relation between protein and DNA damage still remains unsolved.
The Dsb family of redox proteins catalyzes disulfide bond formation and isomerization. Since mutations in dsb genes change the conformation and stability of many extracytoplasmic proteins, and since many virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria are extracytoplasmic, inactivation of dsb genes often results in pathogen attenuation. This study investigated the role of 2 membrane-bound oxidoreductases, DsbB and Dsbl, in the Campylobacter jejuni oxidative Dsb pathway. Campylobacter mutants, lacking DsbB or Dsbl or both, were constructed by allelic replacement and used in the human intestinal epithelial T84 cell line for the gentamicin protection assay (invasion assay) and chicken colonization experiments. In C. coli strain 23/1, the inactivation of the dsbB or dsbl gene separately did not significantly affect the colonization process. However, simultaneous disruption of both membrane-bound oxidoreductase genes significantly decreased the strain's ability to colonize chicken intestines. Moreover, C. jejuni strain 81-176 with mutated dsbB or dsbI genes showed reduced invasion/intracellular survival abilities. No cells of the double mutants (dsbB⁻ dsbI⁻) of C. jejuni 81-176 were recovered from human cells after 3 h of invasion.
 Escherichia coli small heat shock proteins IbpA and IbpB are molecular chaperones that bind denatured proteins and facilitate their subsequent refolding by the ATP-dependent chaperones DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE and ClpB. In vivo, the lack of IbpA and IbpB proteins results in increased protein aggregation under severe heat stress or delayed removal of aggregated proteins at recovery temperatures. In this report we followed the appearance and removal of aggregated alcohol dehydrogenase, AdhE, in E. coli submitted to heat stress in the presence of oxygen. During prolonged incubation of cells at 50oC, when AdhE was progressively inactivated, we initially observed aggregation of AdhE and thereafter removal of aggregated AdhE. In contrast to previous studies, the lack of IbpA and IbpB did not influence the formation and removal of AdhE aggregates. However, in ΔibpAB cells AdhE was inactivated and oxidized faster than in wild type strain. Our results demonstrate that IbpA and IbpB protected AdhE against thermal and oxidative inactivation, providing that the enzyme remained soluble. IbpA and IbpB were dispensable for the processing of irreversibly damaged and aggregated AdhE.
The aim of this study was to compare ecophysiological basis for developing feral pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana) in various environments of Northern Poland. We examined heavy metals contents, lipid and protein peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activity in individuals growing and feeding in the different polluted regions. Pigeons from urban area possessed high maintenance of cadmium in the blood, but low lead in comparison to birds from rural area. Our results suggest that increased level of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the blood of pigeons from different regions of Northern Poland tended to affect negatively initiate lipid peroxidation and increased oxidative modified protein content. Our results suggest that increased level of oxidative stress in birds is dependent upon environmental pollution. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and GLM) has shown that colony localization (urban or rural areas) modified antioxidative defense system, level of lipid and protein peroxidation, and blood total antioxidant activity.
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Emerging roles of proteasomes in ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs

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Proteasomes are the main non-lysosomal, multicatalytic proteinase complexes involved in the degradation of most intracellular proteins and in numerous cell processes. Studies from isolated cell models indicate that agents that induce oxidative stress may also damage proteasomes. Similarly, continuous oxidative stress during cell aging may impair proteasome activity. In ischemia-reperfusion models of organ injury, proteasomes may be involved in several ways. First, proteasomes were found to be targets of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain and heart. Second, proteasome activity increased in liver models of ischemia-reperfusion. Third, proteasome inhibition prevented ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain, heart and kidney. A major mechanism by which proteasome inhibititors may confer tissue protection is inactivation of transcription activator nuclear factor-B resulting in a block of expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules during the reperfusion phase. Thus, proteasome inhibition represents a novel strategy for the treatment of pathologies such as stroke, infarction, and kidney failure.
The activity of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO; E.C. 1.13.11.42) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of tryptophan to form kynurenine. IDO activity consumes superoxide anions; therefore, we postulated that over-expression of IDO might mitigate superoxide-anion dependent, oxidative modification of cellular proteins in vitro. We prepared and characterized RAW 264.7 macrophages that were stably transfected with either an IDO expression vector or the control (empty) vector. We detected IDO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in the IDO-transfected macrophages, but not in the macrophages transfected with the empty vector. To generate superoxide anions in situ, we treated the IDO-and control-transfected cultures with xanthine or hypoxanthine, and then used ELISA methods to quantitate the relative levels of oxidatively modified proteins in total cell lysates. The levels of protein carbonyls were similar in IDO-transfected and vector-transfected macrophages; however, protein nitration was significantly less in IDO-transfected cells compared to control transfectants. In addition, steady-state levels of superoxide anions were significantly lower in the IDO-transfected cultures compared with control transfectants. Our results are consistent with the concept that, besides degrading tryptophan, IDO activity may protect cells from oxidative damage.
W pracy określono zależność między stosowaną dietą, zróżnicowaną pod względem zawartości polifenoli (ich dawki i rozpuszczalnika, w którym związki były podawane), a procesem peroksydacji białek. Stosownym biowskaźnikiem oksydacyjnych uszkodzeń białek były grupy karbonylowe aminokwasów. W badaniach określono stopień powstawania związków karbonylowych jako skutek równoczesnego działania czynnika kancerogennego 9,10-dimetylobenzantracenu (DMBA). W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że obecność związków polifenolowych w diecie może decydować o intensywności przebiegu procesów oksydacyjnych w organizmie.
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