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Staphylococcus aureus is an etiological factor of severe infections in both hospital and ambulatory environments. As methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains spread quickly across healthcare centers resulting in life-threatening infections with increased mortality, they are considered more virulent than MSSA strains. Protein A, encoded by the spa gene, is one of the virulence factors involved in the staphylococcal pathogenesis. It has been suggested that the number of 24-bp tandem repeat units along the X region of the spa gene correlates with the virulence level of the strains. The current work analyzed the relationships between the virulence of MRSA and MSSA strains with region X polymorphism. No obvious correlation was observed.
Protein A-gold immuno-electron microscope (prA-g- IEM) study was performed to detect virus-induced cell surface antigens on bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) infected MDBK cells, using pre-embedding prA-g-IEM technique and polyclonal rabbit BHV-4 antiserum. The capability of serum antibodies to recognise epitopes of either capsid or virus envelope structural antigens, was preliminary determined with purified virus preparations using the same technique. Under EM observation, virtually all virions presented as nucleocapsids were intensively labelled, whilst only single gold particles were attached to the enveloped virions. This suggests that BHV-4 envelope do not appear as immunodominant viral structure. Surface immuno-labelling did not localise reactive BHV-4 antigens on membranes of infected MDBK cells, regardless of the stage of infection and mode of processing before immune reaction (fixed and unfixed cells). Those findings substantiate the low immunogenic potential of BHV-4, which could be one of the reasons for its prolonged persistence in infected animals.
The aim of this study was to test the diversity of a population of 82 strains of S. aureus isolated from cows with mastitis in the east of Poland. The isolates were typed by analysis of the number of repeats of 24 bp sequences in the X region of protein A (spa) gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coagulase (coa) gene. Twelve different spa types were distinguished. Amplification of region X gave, in 79 cases, one stripe. In a scope of 100-364 bp 10 different products (genotypes) of amplification reaction were defined. For one strain two stripes were obtained and two strains did not contain the spa gene. The most prevalent strains had 10, 11 and 12 repeats of 24 bp sequences, which represented respectively 18%, 30% and 13% of all strains tested. The presence of any strain containing 4 or 9 sequence was not observed. In the case of analysis of the polymorphism of the coagulase gene, 13 different genotypes were identified. The most frequently appearing genotype is genotype C, in which case an amplification product is digested into three DNA fragments: 410, 320 and 160 bp. To this genotype belong 43 strains, which constitute 52% of the examined population. A significant improvement in discriminatory power was observed when results from both genes were analyzed simultaneously. In an analyzed group of 82 strains, 24 genotypes were isolated.
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