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Drying is one of the oldest and most important food preservation techniques involving moisture movement from the product to the drying air. The optimum design of drying and aeration and storage systems requires mathematical modelling using basic data on the moisture sorption behaviour of the material to be dehydrated. A large number of empirical, semi-empirical or theoretical models have been reported in the literature for describing moisture sorption isotherms of food materials. The reported work presents a review of literature on equations for fitting moisture sorption isotherms of several vegetables. Variation was shown in equilibrium moisture content values determined for the same product from different isotherm equations. Equilibrium moisture content data obtained from different equations were then used in a mathematical model of vegetable drying to simulate the process. Analysis of the results of simulation showed that the kind of equation of moisture sorption isotherm used in the model of vegetable drying influence the results of simulation. In conclusion it was suggested that an “overall – all” evaluation of this large number of isotherm equations is needed in order to have a more precise (and quantitative) definition of their fitting abilities as applied to different vegetables.
Stages in the assembly of the egg in the monogenean skin parasite Entobdella soleae have been studied using a fast preservation technique for transmission electron microscopy. The first event is the release by the germarium of a fertilised oocyte, which travels to the ootype followed by many vitelline cells. There are two types of Mehlis' gland and the secretion from one of these (beta) is thought to promote the release of the vitelline droplets, which fuse peripherally in the distal tetrahedral chamber of the ootype to produce the eggshell. Initially, the zygote lodges in the distal corner of the chamber, perhaps held in place by cortical granule material, and prevents shell deposition in this corner. However, this is temporary, and when the zygote leaves the corner the opercular eggshell is laid down. The egg appendage is assembled in the proximal tubular part of the ootype and the adhesive droplets on the appendage are derived from the second (alpha) type of Mehlis' secretion.
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