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The paper focuses on the criteria for the assessment of the progress in ecology and attempts to respond to the question - how to achieve the progress in ecological research? As regards the first issue, the author suggests two criteria, which he finds an easy to determine measure of progress. They include the following: a number of resolved issues and the existing progress in perfecting the ecological terms. With respect to the latter issue, the author specifies six critical recommendations on the basis of literature data and cited opinions of several researchers. According to him, their application would make it possible to achieve an unquestionable progress in ecology.
The problem of respecting the patients’ religious-based decisions seems to play increasingly important role in medical practice. Most probably it happens because: (i) bioethical standards accentuate the principle of the respect for autonomy (the departure form medical paternalism) and (ii) the contacts between people belonging to different religious traditions are becoming more and more frequent (the process of globalization). Toleration, in particular toleration of patients’ religious convictions, needs to be considered as a vital issue for the pluralistic societies. A four-principle approach to medical ethics is assumed as a theoretical base for this study. The main methodological steps could be described as: (i) identification of a ‘considered judgment’ (proper to the problem in concern), (ii) its specification, and (iii) balancing/ overriding. According to the internationally accepted proclamations of human rights, the positive obligation to tolerate religious beliefs is indicated as the principle which should govern the process of dealing with the patients’ religiously motivated decisions. The special status of patients’ religious-based decisions as well as the ‘obliging force’ of them is considered. The article concludes with guidelines on how to help doctors resolve moral dilemma related to tolerance of patients’ religious-based decisions.
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