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Phenotypic diversity and population dynamics: another look (with particular reference to the common shrew Sorex araneus)

100%

Zakharov V. M., Pankakoski E., Sheftel B. I.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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1997

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nr 04

We studied temporal changes in the level of phenotypic diversity, measured by the total phenotypic variance for several characters of skull morphology, in two populations of the common shrew Sore:e araneus Linnaeus, 1758. We compared a population from central Siberia having a high-amplitude four-year cycle with a population from southern Finland having noncyclic dynamics. The level of total phenotypic diversity varied significantly among years in both populations, but was correlated neither with density nor with breeding success in either of them. We did, however, find differences between the two populations. When we compared changes in the level of phenotypic diversity with changes in the level of developmental stability, as measured by chance developmental variance (fluctuating asymmetry), the cyclic Siberian population exhibited increased developmental variability in the peak year, which was associated with relatively small proportion of other sources of variation (and genetic variation in particular). In other years, the role of chance variation was less and the proportion of other sources of variance was higher. On the other hand, in the noncyclic Finnish population, oscillations in the level of phenotypic diversity were mainly caused by changes in developmental stability. These results illustrate that not only dynamics of genotype variety, but also the alterations in the level of developmental stability can be of great importance for changes in phenotypic diversity.

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Phenotypic diversity in a sample of blackcurrant [Ribes nigrum L.] cultivars maintained in the Fruit Breeding Department at the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland

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Madry W., Pluta S., Sieczko L., Studnicki M.

Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research

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2010

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tom 18

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nr 2

23-37

In this paper assessment of the phenotypic diversity in 40 blackcurrant (Ribes ni- grum L.) cultivars was presented. The cultivars were from the breeding (working) collection, and originated from over a large geographical range. Bushes of the genotypes in the working collection were planted in autumn of 2004 in the Experimental Orchard in Dąbrowice, near Skierniewice, belonging to the Fruit Breeding Department of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture. Observations of 17 agronomical traits collected during the two years of 2007-2008 were analyzed. Two multivariate methods were used, i.e. principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) using Ward's method and the square of the Euclidean distance. The first three PCs explained about 56% of the multi-trait variation among the cultivars, and the first two accounted for about 39% of the multi-trait variation. There was a high correlation of the two phenological traits, fruit size and firmness of fruit skin with PC1. This correlation represents the most important genetic common factor that could be called, "Ripening time driving fruit size and firmness". The PC2 was mostly correlated with number of basal shoots and fruit yield per plant. It represents the second common factor called, "Plant architecture affecting fruit productivity". Traits such as ripening time, fruit size and firmness, number of basal shoots, fruit yield per plant, as well as susceptibility to diseases and pests are the most discriminating po- mological attributes that mainly contribute to overall phenotypic diversity of theblackcurrant cultivars. The cultivars were divided into five distinct clusters. Distribution of the cultivars in two PCs coordinates allowed us to find the existing rich diversity for the studied traits. Such diversity proves, that the characterized blackcurrant cultivar collection has high potential for specific breeding goals. The cultivars included in the diverse clusters could be promising parents with complementary levels of the most discriminating traits. They should be used for hybridization in order to obtain a high heterotic response. This response would substantially contribute to the blackcurrant breeding programs.

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Evaluation of seed yield variability in lp-type lucerne [Medicago sativa ssp. media L.] based on selected yield components

84%

Wyrzykowska M., Zieminska J., Stankiewicz C., Lisowska M.

Polish Journal of Natural Sciences

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2009

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tom 24

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nr 2

93-101

An experiment was established to study a population of long raceme peduncle-type (lp-type) lucerne. 15 groups of plants were grown in selection plots. Each group comprised plants originating from seeds collected from a single plant, and since lucerne is allogamous, the obtained results provided a basis for an evaluation within the maternal line. The aim of this study was to analyze the seed yield and the expression of phenotypic traits affecting the seed yield structure. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed. The Euclidean distance and K-means grouping were used as a taxonomic measure of similarity between groups. Two agglomerated phenotypic groups were discriminated within the examined population, and the differentiating traits in a multivariate analysis were: number of racemes per shoot, number of seeds per shoot and seed yield per shoot. Statistical characteristics of the distinguished groups provided a basis for determining the ideotype with a high seed yield.

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Inbreeding and developmental stability in a laboratory strain of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus

84%

Zakharov V. M., Sikorski M. D.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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1997

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nr 04

Developmental stability and phenotypic diversity of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, 1780 were tested in a group of founders collected from natural population in Białowieża National Park (Poland) and in a sample taken from the 20th generation of a laboratory mass-cross strain derived from these founders. Fluctuating asymmetry of 28 skull characters such as the number of foramina were used as a measure of developmental stability. Variance of the foramina on the left and right sides of the skull for the same characters was used as a measure of phenotypic diversity. The data obtained indicate a developmental stability decrease and phenotypic diversity increase as a result of inbreeding during 20 generations in the laboratory.

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Developmental stability of skull morphology in European bison Bison bonasus

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Baranov A. S., Pucek Z., Kiseleva E. G., Zakharov V. M.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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1997

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nr 04

We compared developmental stability and total phenotypic diversity of 25 skull characters in three populations of European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758). Developmental stability was measured by fluctuating asymmetry, which was estimated by the variance of the left-right (1—r) and scaled (l-r)/(l+r) differences between the left (1) and right (r) sides of the skull. Mean number of asymmetrical characters per individual was used as an integrated index of developmental stability. Total phenotypic variability was examined by variance of (1+r) for the same characters. Greater developmental instability and total phenotypic diversity were found in bison from Pszczyna Reserve and Białowieża Primeval Forest, as compared with those from Okskii Reserve. This indicates the gradiial deterioration of developmental stability in the following sequence of the studied populations: Okskii' Reserve, Białowieża Primeval Forest, Pszczyna Reserve. In the Białowieża population, deterioration of developmental stability could be detected, even though commonly used fitness measures showed no response. In the Pszczyna population, more serious developmental stability disturbance was accompanied by decreasead viability, an expression of inbreeding depression. Two samples taken from the Białowieża population at different times showed similar levels of developmental stability, which indicates the reliability of fluctuating asymmetry. These results suggest developmental stability to be an essential characteristic for monitoring populations and especially for revealing the initial response to stress.

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Geographic distribution of quantitative traits variation and genetic variability in natural populations of Pinus mugo in Central Europe

67%

Boratynska K., Dzialuk A., Lewandowski A., Marcysiak K., Jasinska A. K., Sobierajska K., Tomaszewski D., Burczyk J., Boratynski A.

Dendrobiology

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2014

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tom 72

Divergence in genetic as well as phenotypic structures can be expected in species with disjunctive geographic ranges and restricted gene flow among isolated populations. Dwarf mountain pine has such a disjunctive geographic range in the mountains of Central Europe. We hypothesised that populations of Pinus mugo from the Giant Mts. differ from Alpine and Carpathian populations to a greater extent than differentiation within these regions; furthermore, these differences would be detectable at both the genetic and phenotypic levels. To verify this hypothesis, the diversity and differentiation within and among eleven populations from the Giant Mts., Carpathians and Alps were analysed using 19 isozyme isozyme loci, 17 needle and 15 cone morphological characters. Moreover, the data on 10 chloroplast microsatellites used in the previous study, were reanalysed. The differences between the three regions were greater than among populations within them. The microsatellites and isozymes clearly differentiated between regions, while in the multivariate analyses of cone and needle characters the Alpine and Carpathian populations were intermingled but distinct from those sampled in the Giant Mts. The significant genetic structuring among regions may result from an ancient fragmentation and long lasting geographic isolation between the Giant Mts., Alps and Tatras. The populations from the Giant Mts., the northernmost within the geographic range of P. mugo, presented lower level of genetic variation then those from the Alps and Carpathians. The pattern of genetic structure observed in dwarf mountain pine may be characteristic of wind-pollinated trees with a disjunctive geographic distribution

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Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic diversity of some Polish and Russian blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars and clones

67%

Gawronski J., Hortynski J., Kaczmarska E., Dyduch-Sieminska M., Marecki W., Witorozec A.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus

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2014

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tom 13

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nr 4

Blue honeysuckle due to the high health benefits of its fruit, early ripening (before the first strawberries cultivars) and high frost resistance of both plants and flowers has gained the great popularity both in cultivation and breeding. The implementation of the breeding program of new cultivars requires the knowledge of the characteristics that determine its direction in the selected material. Therefore, in this study the evaluation of the phenological phases, yield, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit and pollen viability in the cultivars and breeding clones of this species was made. The tested cultivars and clones had different levels of the analysed qualities except the pollen viability which was high but did not differ significantly within the genotypes. The evaluation of such characteristics as yield potential and fruit weight indicates that cultivars ‘Warszawa’, ‘Wojtek’ and T2 clone which had higher values of these characteristics as compared to other genotypes are possible to be used in breeding programme. Obtainment of the forms with early fruit ripening can be realised through the use of the selected Russian cultivars. The objective of this study was also to characterise the blue honeysuckle germplasms using RAPD markers and to assess their genetic similarity. The analysed primers produced 61 fragments out of which 57 (93.44%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity matrix was made on the basis of RAPD markers. The mean genetic similarity was calculated at 0.56. The presented study confirms that the use of RAPD markers is a practical and effective method to evaluate the genetic similarity of blue honeysuckle genotypes and to establish genetic relationships between these genotypes.

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Assessing genetic variation to predict the breeding value of winter triticale cultivars and lines

67%

Goral H., Tyrka M., Spiss L.

Journal of Applied Genetics

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2005

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tom 46

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nr 2

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses for selection of the best parents for breeding of hybrid winter triticale. Phenotypic diversity was measured for 8 agronomic traits in 10 parents and 27 F₁ hybrids. Genotypic diversity was measured by 91 AFLP markers. Coefficients of correlation of genetic similarity (AFLP-GS) with both Euclidean distances and mean values of the traits were generally not significant. A correction of the preliminary binary matrix into trait-specific derived matrices increased the values of 5 correlation coefficients to a significant level. The correlation of AFLP-GS with mid-parent heterosis of grain weight per plant was low but significant (r = -0.452). Our study confirms the effectiveness of marker preselection for obtaining AFLP-GS better correlated with heterosis. The use of derived matrices is promising for reducing the number of cross combinations tested for specific combining ability.

Ograniczanie wyników

Phenotypic diversity and population dynamics: another look (with particular reference to the common shrew Sorex araneus)

Phenotypic diversity in a sample of blackcurrant [Ribes nigrum L.] cultivars maintained in the Fruit Breeding Department at the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland

Evaluation of seed yield variability in lp-type lucerne [Medicago sativa ssp. media L.] based on selected yield components

Inbreeding and developmental stability in a laboratory strain of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus

Developmental stability of skull morphology in European bison Bison bonasus

Geographic distribution of quantitative traits variation and genetic variability in natural populations of Pinus mugo in Central Europe

Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic diversity of some Polish and Russian blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars and clones

Assessing genetic variation to predict the breeding value of winter triticale cultivars and lines