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The research was aimed at determining whether a pesticide tomb affects the ecological status of drainage ditches located in its vicinity as well as how it affects the diversity of the flora of the ditches and in which direction its effect on the surrounding environment is. In addition, the results of the study are a contribution to a comparative analysis of methods for macrophyte evaluation of watercourses used in Poland and to identify the possibilities of their application in investigations of artificial watercourses under the pressure of pesticides. Values of indices of the hydromorphological evaluation (HQA, HMS) were similar for all drainage ditches examined. This points to a negligible effect of the pesticide tomb on the hydromorphological characteristics of the analyzed watercourses. The pesticide tomb was found to affect the ecological status and floral diversity of the drainage ditches. The lowest values of macrophyte and diversity indices were recorded in the first and the second watercourse, whereas higher ones were in the third watercourse. Changes in the indices of ecological status and those of floral diversity observed in the watercourses examined show that the effect of the pesticide tomb on the surrounding ecosystem is consistent with topographic features and proceeds in a north-easterly direction. Both methods of the macrophyte evaluation of the ecological status of watercourses (MTR, MIR) yield different numeric values, yet their results are comparable in terms of the tendency of changes in the ecological status of the analyzed watercourses. In both methods, the highest rank was reported for the third watercourse. The MTR index diversifies the examined watercourses to a smaller extent than the MIR index. The MIR method is better under conditions of lowland Poland for the evaluation of the ecological status of artificial watercourses, as it enables stronger diversification of the ecological status of the watercourses examined due to a higher number of indicatory species.
An ecological characteristic of the surrounding of the pesticide tomb in the Warmia Region was prepared on the basis of index numbers of Poland’s vascular plants in May and June 2002. The results lead to the conclusion that indicators of tropism, the organic matter content of the soil and nitrophylity denote high soil poverty, which are inconsistent with the history of this location. This area used to be a waste disposal site of residues generated in the process of managing post-slaughter waste and carcasses. Presumably some other factor determines such low values of the indicators mentioned above. The indicators analyzed were: lower than expected tropism indicator and a low indicator of organic matter content and particularly the dispersion of values of the nitrophylity indicator denote the existence of a new factor, which modifies the content of species in the communities that we analyzed. The humidity indicator and the indicator of soil mechanical composition confirm the presumed direction of rainwater flow and probable leakage from the pesticide tomb. The flow stays in agreement with the topographic features and the characteristics of the soils that occur in the analyzed area. Soil acidity ranges from: 5.5 to 6.5 pH. Climatic indicators are quite stable, the continentality indicator in particular, and they are typical of North-Eastern Poland. The diversity of the thermal indicator is caused by surface features. A large participation of weeds from the upper plant layer and topographic diversity, both influence the diversity of the luminous indicator. Further research is recommended in order to exclude or confirm the emerging hypothesis of the modifying influence of pesticides deposited in the tomb on the characteristics of the flora and the fauna of the nearby ecosystems.
Our study was a biological evaluation of soil contamination near a non-operating pesticide tomb. The soil contaminated with pesticides had a negative effect on the growth of crustaceans such as Heterocypris incogruens (Ostracodtoxkit test) and the development of plants such as Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, and Sorghum saccharatum (Phytotoxkit test). This adverse effect persisted up to 5 years following the liquidation of the facility. The crustaceans under study were considered more useful in the evaluation of chronic toxicity than the root elongation test.
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