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Periplasmic and extracellular glucans of Mesorhizobium huakuii were isolated and characterized by compositional and MALDI-TOF analyses, as well as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that M. huakuii produces a cyclic β-glucan composed entirely of nonbranched glucose chains and unmodified by nonsugar substituents. The degree of polymerisation of the cyclic oligosaccharides was estimated to be in the range from 17 to 28. The most abundant glucan molecules contained 22 glucose residues. Glucose residues within the glucan were connected by β-(1,2) glycosidic linkages. The cyclic glucan produced by M. huakuii is quite similar to the periplasmic β-(1,2) glucans synthesized by Agrobacterium and Sinorhizobium genera. The synthesis of β-glucan in M. huakuii is osmoregulated and this glucan could function as an osmoprotectant in free living cells.
Background. Greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina) is an Australian species with an aquaculture potential. The main aim of this study was to define the effects of acute salinity- and water quality changes on the blood characteristics and the gill structure of the greenback flounder. Materials and Methods. Juvenile greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina) cultured in sea water (33‰) were transferred directly to salinities of 0, 3, 7, 15, and 40‰. Results. Fish responded similarly following transfer to 3, 7, and 15‰. In these salinities significant decreases in plasma osmolality occurred during the first four hours, after which effective osmoregulation began stabilising osmolality within 24 hours. Plasma sodium and magnesium concentrations mirrored plasma osmolality, while succinate dehydrogenase activity increased up to three-fold 24 hours after transfer. Fish failed to regulate plasma osmolality following direct transfer to fresh water (pH = 6.5; total hardness 20 mg ּ l-1). Plasma osmolality decreased rapidly for the first 10 hours post transfer at which time plasma osmolality temporarily increased before resuming its decline. Low water pH (6.2-6.5) was an important contributor to the mortality observed following transfer to fresh water. Conclusion. Results of this study confirm the greenback flounder to be very tolerant of direct transfer to low- or high salinity and are directly applicable to aquaculture of this species, in particular freshwater treatments against parasites, including trichodinids.
Originally designated by Dollo in 1907, the holotype of Eosuchus lerichei has never been carefully described but simply cited and compared in a number of papers. This work is an attempt to fill this gap and to place this taxon in a cladistic phylogenetic context. E. lerichei can be considered a valid basal gavialoid from late Paleocene of North Western Europe, sharing the presence of extremely enlarged foramina aerea on quadrates with the coeval Eosuchus minor from eastern North America (formerly described as Gavialis minor). These two species can be considered sister taxa and, for priority reason, they should be both ascribed to genus Eosuchus. The results of the cladistic analysis show that the European species possess characters that can be considered as slightly derived if compared to those of its American relative, suggesting an eastward dispersion from North America before the Paleocene–Eocene boundary and before the full opening of the Atlantic Ocean or local evolution from a basal gavialoid stock similar to E. minor. Both species of Eosuchus come from marine outcrops and represent a further evidence for the salt−water tolerance of the earliest stages of Gavialoidea evolutionary history. Despite the present endemicity of the only living gharial, Gavialis gangeticus, the historical biogeography of gavialoids shows a lost global distribution and reveals several transoceanic dispersals.
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