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The utilization of municipal organic wastes in agricultural fields is gaining popularity as a waste disposal method and source of organic matter. Most sewage wastes contain valuable nutrients that could be used to improve soil fertility. Furthermore, beneficial changes may be seen not only in the chemical but also in the physical properties of soil. A field experiment was conducted in 2005 on Stagnic Gleysol soil where different organic amendments were applied, such as compost, pig manure, and sewage sludges from the sewage-treatment plants of Krzeszowice and Czernichów. The results were compared with mineral fertilizers and an untreated control. The amounts of all fertilizers were determined adequate to supply 110 kg N ha⁻¹. The pig manure and sewage sludges change the soil porosity in range of pores <50 μm in diameter. The application of these organic fertilizers decreases the volume of small pores (<0.005 μm) and increases porosity in the range 0.005-50 μm. This resulted in an increase in both available and productive water retention. The compost and mineral fertilizer application do not affect the air-water properties of Stagnic Gleysol.
Soil amendments with powdered seeds of Trigonella foenum - graecum (fenugreek) caused soil suppressiveness against Meloidogyne javanica. Decomposed seeds of fenugreek caused marked reduction in nematode population densities and subsequent root-knot development as compared to the aqueous extract of the seeds indicating that some indirect factors are involved in the suppression of root-knot nematode. Both decomposed seeds and aqueous extracts enhanced plant height and fresh weights of Dat whereas root growth remained uninfluenced. Changes in fungal communities associated with nematode control were studied by comparing population numbers of :ngi in the soil and in internal root tissues (endorhiza) in non-amended and fenugreekanded soils. Acremonium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium solani, Macropho'na plwseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were found to colonize inner root tissues of ugbean. Acremonium sp., C. globosum and F.solani were isolated in a relatively her frequency from roots growing in the amended soils while M. phaseolina and R.solani colonized greatly in roots growing in non-amended soil. Of the fungi isolated soils, Penicillium brefaldianum caused maximum juvenile mortality of M. javanica whereas F.solani caused greatest inhibition of egg hatch.
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