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Ophiostomatoid fungi are known to be associated with Tomicus spp. on Pinus sylvestris. However, very little is known about the fungi present in the pine shoots damaged by these insects. The aim of this study was to survey species of Ophiostoma s.l. associated with fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus spp. in Poland. The study was conducted in four pure Scots pine stands in southern and south-western part of the country. Fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparison for two gene (the ITS rDNA region and ß–tubulin). In total, 64 isolates obtained, represent seven species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including their asexual states of the genera. Two of them, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 probably represent new taxa. All species were found at very low frequencies. Among them, Ophiostoma minus, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 were the most frequently isolated, with a frequency of 2.0%. Occasionally, isolated species were: Leptographium piriforme, Ophiostoma canum, O. floccosum and Grosmannia cucullata-like. Association of species of Ophiostoma s.l. with Tomicus spp. and the taxonomic status of two new species are discussed.
The six-toothed bark beetle (Ips sexdentatus) is known to be associated with ophiostomatoid fungi. However, very little is known about these fungi in Poland. The aim of this study was: 1) to identify fungi of Ophiostoma s. lato carried by this bark beetle and 2) to test the pathogenicity of several commonly occurring fungi. Isolations were carried out from the beetles and their galleries at three sites in Poland. Samples yielded a total 3162 cultures, which included 10 species of Ophiostoma s. lato. The most frequently encountered fungal associates of I. sexdentatus were L. cf. truncatum, O. brunneo-ciliatum and O. ips. Ophiostoma cf. rectangulosporium, O. cf. abietinum, O. quercus and O. floccosum appeared to be also specifically associated with I. sexdentatus. Leptographium cf. truncatum and O. minus were most virulent and can be consideredas serious pine pathogens.
Fungal invasion of Scots pine phloem and sapwood was investigated during a period of 15 weeks following attack by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.). The study was conducted in Mielec-Mościska, where the pine trees were heavily damaged by shot-feeding of T. piniperda. In order to determine the species richness and occurrence frequency of fungi associated with T. piniperda in temporal succession, living and trap trees infested by T. piniperda were used. Results revealed great diversity of fungi associated with T. piniperda, including 3758 cultures and 57 fungi species. The most important groups of fungi were the blue-stain fungi and molds, including mainly Penicillium, Trichoderma and Mucor genera. Among ophiostomatoid fungi, Ophiostoma minus and O. piceae were the dominant species. Occasionally isolated species were Leptographium lundbergii, L. procerum, L. wingfieldii, Graphium pycnocephalum and Graphium sp. ‘W’. Molds and pathogenic O. minus were the first invaders of both phloem and sapwood, however molds were more frequently isolated from phloem and sapwood at a depth of 5 mm. Ophiostoma piceae and L. lundbergii followed O. minus in the sapwood invasion. These species were successively replaced by L. wingfieldii, L. procerum and Graphium species in the later stages of fungal invasion in pine sapwood.
This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from Picea abies was associated with I. typographus on Pinus sylvestris trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were O. bicolor and O. penicillatum. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. O. bicolor was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by I. typographus. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of I. typographus is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of Pinus sylvestris trees.
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