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1

A case of occipitalization in the human skull

100%
Skrzat J., Mroz I., Jaworek J. K., Walocha J.
Folia Morphologica
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2010
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tom 69
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nr 3
Occipitalization of the atlas is an osseous anomaly of the craniovertebral junction. The aim of this paper is to present an anatomical variant of the fused atlas with the occipital bone and discuss similar cases described in literature. The skull of an adult male analysed in this study belonged to the cranial collection of the Department of Anatomy of the Jagiellonian University, Medical Collage. A tight bony fusion between the anterior arch of the atlas, the left portion of the posterior arch, the lateral masses of the atlas, and the occipital bone was observed. Hence, the left and right superior articular facets of the atlas were fused with the corresponding occipital condyles. The anteroposterior dimension of both inferior articular facets was the same (20 mm), while the transverse diameter of the right one was considerably smaller (12 mm). The transverse diameter of the left inferior articular facets was 17 mm. The right and the left transverse process of the atlas were normally developed, each of them contained transverse foramen, and they were not fused with the occipital bone. The circumference of the foramen magnum was minimally diminished by the osseous structures of the atlas fused to the occipital bone. The sagittal and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum (38 mm x 34 mm) were within the normal range of variation. However, the asymmetrical anatomy of the inferior articular facets of the atlas give rise to speculation that movement in the atlantoaxial joint was disturbed by assimilation with the occipital bone. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 134–137)
2

Morphometric analysis of occipital bone in the domestic cat in comparison with selected skull size parameters and with special regard to skull morphotype

100%
Wasowicz M., Kupczynska M., Wieladek A., Barszcz K.
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
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2009
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tom 12
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nr 2
251-258
The aim of this study was to elaborate criteria defining the morphotype and to perform a morphological and morphometric analysis of the squamous part of the occipital bone and of the foramen magnum in the European cat. The study material comprised 50 corpses of European cats of both sexes and of bodyweight from 1.35 to 7.7 kg, aged from 1 year to 17 years. The study material underwent detailed preparation and morphometries of the skull, squamous part of the occipital bone and the foramen magnum were performed. The skull index (IC) data obtained indicate that the European cat represents a mesaticephalic morphotype. In the morphometrical analysis of the foramen magnum the following were included: the foramen magnum index (IFM), the occipital index (IOF), and the index of the squamous part of the occipital bone (ISO). In the morphology of the squamous part of the occipital bone two categories were distinguished: the first was characterized by a form close to an isosceles triangle with its base directed to the bottom. In none of the specimens studied was a dorsal notch in the form of a "keyhole" observed, nor was there any other deformation in the foramen magnum, which takes the form of a slightly crosswise elongated regular oval. The results of this study indicate that in the European cat the foramen magnum is free from any pathology and its shape, in the individual development, is conservative.
3

Geometry of the articular facets of the lateral atlanto-axial joints in the case of occipitalization

84%
Ryniewicz A. M., Skrzat J., Ryniewicz A., Ryniewicz W., Walocha J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 3
This study investigates if atlanto-occipital fusion affects the size and geometrical configuration of the articular facets of the atlanto-axial joint. Morphometric analysis was performed on the male adult skull, the occipital bone of which is assimilated with the first cervical vertebrae (the atlas). The perimeter, Feret’s diameter, surface area, and circularity of the inferior articular fa-cets were measured. However, we did not observe significant bilateral differences in size of the inferior articular facets of the assimilated atlas compared to normal first cervical vertebrae. Geometrical conformation of the articular facets of the atlas and axis was assessed using a coordinate measuring machine (PMM – 12106, Leitz). The results obtained from this machine indicated that the inferior articular facets of the assimilated atlas presented asymmetrical orientation compared to the normal anatomy of the atlas. Hence, in the case of occipitalization, the gap between the articulating facets of the atlas and the axis was measured to be greater than in the normal atlanto-axial joint. Computer assisted tomography was applied to visualise the anatomical relationship between the inferior articular facets of the assimilated atlas and the corresponding facets located on the axis. In this case, radiographic examination revealed that the bilaterally articulating facets (inferior and superior) showed disproportion in their adjustment within the lateral atlanto-axial joints. Thus, we concluded that the fusion of the atlas with the occipital bone altered the geometry of the inferior articular facets of the atlas and influenced the orientation of the superior articular facets of the axis. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 147–153)
4

The occipital dysplasia in the Papillion dog

84%
Janeczek M., Chroszcz A., Pospieszny N.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Veterinary Medicine
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2010
|
tom 13
|
nr 1
5

Morphological analysis and morphometry of the foramen magnum of the American Staffordshire terrier breed newborns

67%
Chroszcz A., Janeczek M., Wojnar M., Pospieszny N.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2006
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tom 62
|
nr 09
1002-1004
The aim of the investigations was the description of foramen magnum morphology. Fourteen skulls of American Staffordshire terrier pups were examined. The morphology of the foramen magnum was described, its height and width were measured, and the index of the foramen magnum (width/height × 100) was calculated. The height of the skull, maximum width and maximum height of the occipital condyle were also measured. In all the examined skulls the shape of the foramen magnum was regular and ellipsoidal. The average height of the foramen magnum was 5.7 mm, the average width - 6.05 mm. The value of the foramen magnum index was 106.82. The average skull height was 22 mm. The average maximum height of the occipital condyle was 5.33 mm and its average maximum width was 2.85 mm. There were no differences between females and males in all parameters. The shape of the foramen magnum was regular. The occipital condyli were symmetrical.
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