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Five winter wheat: Alcedo, Beta, Grana, Liwilla and Salwa in four levels of moisture: 5, 9, 16 and 21 % were examined. Grains came from 1984, 1985 and 1986. Static compression test of a single grain was performed between two parallel plates. Maxial compression force and deformation corresponded to it as well as force and deformation within limits of elasticity were read from the curves in force - deformation coordinate system. Point where curve bent was regard as a limit of elasticity (first failure). Alcedo was the most resistible, while Salwa was the weakest variety. Grains came from 1984 were the strongest and from 1985 were the weakest. Moisture content was the most substantial factor to the strength of wheat grains. With the increase of moisture content maxial compression force decreased, while corresponded deformation increased.
W pracy zaproponowano oryginalne określenie powierzchni współpracy opony z glebą. Przedstawiono model matematyczny opisujący powierzchnię współpracy opony z glebą w kontekście parametrów konstrukcyjnych i eksploatacyjnych, a w szczególności nacisków jednostkowych.
The authors have undertaken an attempt at examining the physical outcome of the effect of static loading applied to grain mass of differentiated moisture content, at constant levels of grain column deformation. To assess the results of the destructive action of static loading, manifest in the form of external mechanical damage to grain, the colorimetric was applied, and the X-ray method was used to assess the internal damage to grain.
In the study an attempt is made at describing some biological effects of static loading applied to grain mass of differentiated moisture content. Assessment of the biological effests of mechanical damage to kernels was made by determining the germination capacity of the grain under laboratory conditions and by measurement of the length of coleoptiles of 7-days old shoots. An analysis of the data obtained as a result of biological tests indicates that the greatest drop in the values of the properties under investigation took place in kernels from samples with the highest level of grain column strain and the lowest level of grain moisture content.
The influence of pile height on biological values of stored horse bean and lupin seeds was examined for both manually separated and combine-harvested seeds. It was found that germinative energy and germination capacity were reduced during the first three storage months and after six storage months the initial values were reached, irrespective of static loads imposed.
To describe mechanical behaviour of a granular material it is indispensable to have parameters such as the coefficient of friction on a bin wall, the angle of internal friction and the bulk density and the k-value in Janssen's equation. The values of these parameters depend on many known and unknown factors. In the case of plant granular solids indisputable is the role of moisture content of grain, vertical pressure and sliding velocity. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of mechanical properties of wheat grain on wall and bottom load distribution in a model grain bin. A series of tests involving eight filling methods, eccentric discharge from five different locations of a bin orifice and three bin wall surfaces were conducted on a laboratory scale cylindrical bin 0.61 m in diameter and 2.44 m high. The wall and flat floor of the bin were supported independently on three load cells so that load distributions could be isolated. Static and dynamic wall and bottom loads were found to be influenced by the filling method. Shower filling produced lower static load of the smooth wall as compared to central filling and higher static load of corrugated and rough walls. The experiments showed a significant influence of grain orientation on load distribution. Variable angle of internal friction within the Janssen differential element can explain the non-uniform load distribution obtained. The horizontal bending moments exerted on the wall and floor of the bin during eccentric discharge were found to decrease with an increase in the bin wall friction coefficient and were influenced significantly by the orifice eccentricity ratio, with the maximum moment occurring at ER equal to 0.667. The horizontal pressure distribution around the circumference of the bin wall depends on the height from the floor. Near the floor of the bin the horizontal pressure was larger on the side of the bin opposite the discharge orifice, while for locations higher above the floor, the horizontal pressure was larger on the side nearest the discharge orifice. As the ratio of the grain height to the bin diameter decreased below approximately 1 a change in the direction of the resultant friction force on the bin wall from a normal downward direction to an upward direction was observed. The change in direction of the resultant tangent force originates from the combination of the downward friction force of flowing grain and the upward friction force of the grain contained within the dead zone of the bin. Moisture content of grain influences its compressibility, friction against the bin wall, height of the dead zone and, in consequence, the upward movement of grains in the dead zone of the flat bottom bin during discharge.
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