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1

Nesting sites of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L. in Poland: analysis of nest cards

100%
Hebda G.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2009
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tom 57
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nr 1
149-158
Analysis of 531 nest cards (Polish Nest Record Scheme) of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, obtained in the years 1970–2003 is presented here. The data is derived from almost the whole of Poland, except for the Białowieża National Park. From the material processed for the purpose of this study, the Great Spotted Woodpeckers appear to nest in various types of wooded habitats, especially in forests and they are very flexible in their choice of nesting sites, both in terms of age of tree stands and intensity of human penetration. As a rule, woodpeckers breed mostly in holes made in deciduous trees (oak, birch, and alder). More than 95% of nests were excavated in tree trunks, primarily in dead or weakened trees. Woodpeckers excavated their nest in the range of 0.5–19 m above the ground, with more than 75% of them found in the narrower range from 1–7 m. The height of cavity above the ground did not depend on tree species or vegetation type and was also weakly correlated with the height of tree stands. The openings of cavities showed no statistically significant differences in their geographical orientation. Although the information about woodpecker nests, gathered in the Nest Record Scheme does contain certain errors (such as “habitat preferences” of observers), the obtained results provided a better insight into the nesting ecology of this species in Poland.
2

Nests and nesting sites of Brazilian forest rodents [Nectomys aquamipes and Oryzomys intermedius as revealed by a spool-and-line device

100%
Briani D. C., Vieira E. M., Vieira M. V.
Acta Theriologica
|
2001
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tom 46
|
nr 3
Patterns of nest construction and nest site selection of two murid rodents of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest were described. The animals were captured in an area of about 1.5 ha of primary forest, marked, equipped with a spool-and-line device and released at the capture point. The next day we followed the thread to find their nests. In total 11 nests of Nectomys squamipes (Brants, 1827) and 13 of Oryzomys intermedius (Leche, 1886) were found. They were all egg-shaped, about 15 cm long and 10 cm wide, without any apparent entrance and consisted of dry leaves and grass. The two species differed in the selection of nest sites. The nests of N. squamipes were close to streams and built inside decomposed fallen logs or using natural entrances between the soil and tangled roots or rocky crevices. Nests of O. intermedius were built under or inside fallen logs and inside aerial root systems of palms. The spool-and-line technique used here is useful to provide detailed information on several aspects of the ecology and natural history of small mammals.
3

Effect of the colony edge on the clutch size and fledging success in the Little Egret Egretta garzetta (L.)

80%
Uzun A., Kopij G.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2010
|
tom 58
|
nr 2
The term ‘edge effect’ can be defined as an abrupt and local change in the abundance, diversity, composition etc. at the edge of any distinct, spatial patches (structure(s). It usually refers to forest/field, meadow/shrub and other ecotone environments. This effect in relation to breeding densities and success in birds has been the focus of considerable debate (Manolis et al. 2002). The edge of bird colony is expected to affect similarly on avian population (Krebs 1974). Although such studies can be very useful for management and conservation strategies, they are scarce in the Mediterranean.
4

Predation on artificial nests imitating the broods of two rallid species: the influence of habitat features

80%
Chibowski P., Brzezinski M., Jedlikowski J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2015
|
tom 63
|
nr 4
We tested the influence of nest concealment (vegetation type, density and height), water depth and nest distance from the bank on predation rates upon simulated nests of the water rail (Rallus aquaticus) and the little crake (Porzana parva). Broods of both rallids were simulated by real and wax-filled quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs coloured typically for each species. Three grades of nest concealment were used: uncovered nests located on wooden floating boards, nests hidden in littoral vegetation and nests hidden under a plastic mesh covered with plants, which made them invisible from the air. Concealment proved to have a stronger impact on the fate of artificial nests than water depth; 95% of the nests on boards were depredated after one week of exposure. Nests attached to a peg at water level and hidden in vegetation had survival rates of 18 and 22%, after three weeks of exposure in two experiment repetitions. In 2012, we found significant differences between survival rates of nests located in different types of vegetation after the first week of the experiment: nests in bulrush (Typha spp.) had a higher survival rate than nests in sedge (Carex spp.) and common reed (Phragmites australis), and nests in sedge had a better survival rate than nests in reed. Those differences disappeared after the end of the experiment. In 2013, nests located in sedge (Carex spp.) had a better survival rate than nests located in bulrush (Typha spp.) or the common reed (Phragmites australis). Covering nests with plastic mesh and plants increased nest survival up to 38% after a three-week-long exposure period. Potential nest predators were monitored: mammals (mustelids and rodents) using live traps and birds by observation of their hunting activity. Filling quail eggshells with wax allowed us to identify the marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) as the main nest predator — in 67% of depredated nests, wax eggs carried marks of a raptor beak. American mink (Neovison vison) and the water vole (Arvicola amhibius), though abundant in the study area, were not important nest predators, as only a few bite marks of these mammals were recorded.
5

Nest survival in a large river valley: an experiment using artificial nests on an island and bank of Vistula River (Poland)

80%
Zmihorski M., Lewtak J., Brzezinski M., Romanowski J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2010
|
tom 58
|
nr 1
Predation pressure, which varies among habitats, is important factor for selection of nesting sites by birds. We investigated artificial nest depredation on an island 23 ha in size and on the river bank covered by willow-poplar forest and meadows in the middle Vistula river valley, in the spring and autumn 2006. We used polyurethane thrush-size nests placed at three heights (ground, bush and tree) with one quail egg. Each nest was checked twice, 7 and 14 days after the beginning of the experiment, in total 381 nest-inspections was included. Additionally, we live-trapped rodents (data from 510 trapnights included) which are potential predators of broods. We found that the survival rate of artificial nests was higher on the island as compared to the bank. Artificial nests placed on the ground revealed the higher survival rate than the nests placed on trees and bushes. Nest survival rate was higher in the autumn than in the spring. Repeatability of the results (survived vs. depredated) for the first and second 7-day period was high but lower on the island as compared to the bank. The abundance of rodents was higher on the bank during the spring, but no difference was recorded in the autumn. Rodents were also more abundant in the autumn than in the spring. This may indicate that survival rates of nests were not affected by rodents directly.
6

The effect of Grey Heron [Ardea cinerea L.] colony on the surrounding vegetation and the biometrical features of three undergrowth species

80%
Zolkos K., Meissner W.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2008
|
tom 56
|
nr 1
Bird breeding colonies are known to influence the habitats and phytocoenoses they occupy in different ways. Most papers concern long-lasting colonies, in which floristic composition of phytocoenoses have been already altered largely. This research was aimed to estimate the changes in the floristic composition of the forest phytocoenosis after three years of the existence of the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea L.) breeding colony as well as to examine the influence of nutrient enrichment on the size and shape of leaves and inflorescences of three plant species Rumex acetosella L., Anthoxanthum odoratum L. and Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv., which have different habitat requirements. The number of vascular plant species within the colony area (0.4 ha) increased almost double and appearance of new, mostly nitrophilous, taxa like Sambucus racemosa L., Galeopsis pubescens Besser and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. were observed. The vertical structure of phytocoenosis has also changed. The undergrowth appeared and dense moss layer was mostly eliminated. In case of all investigated species, the enlargement of leaf surface was found. The greatest relative increase concerned leaf width of Moehringia trinervia and Rumex acetosella – 67 and 73%, respectively. The leaf blade of Anthoxanthum odoratum increased largely in length (99%). The enlargement of the surface of assimilative apparatus was not only due to the increase of linear dimensions, but also to rounding of the leaf blade. This was not observed in case of Rumex acetosella which is characterized by elongated, lanceolate leaf blade. Differences observed among the species are probably due to differentiated leaf blade structure. Only Moehringia trinervia can be found in well-established Grey Heron colonies, while Rumex acetosella and Anthoxanthum odoratum are known to be suppressed by heavy input of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus, it seems that after few years of benefits at least Rumex acetosella and Anthoxanthum odoratum withdraw from the area altered by Grey Heron colony, because the change in root absorption and capacity in highly fertile habitat leads to toxic accumulation of nutrients.
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