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A detailed redescription of Trombidium holoserieeum (L.), based on female is given. Characteristics of larvae, deutonymphs and adults as well as the data on their biology are provided. The selected neotype is a female, from which larvae have been obtained by experimental rearing. Teresothrombium is regarded as a new synonym of Trombidium. T. latum Koch, 1837 is a synonym of T. holosericeum, whereas T. latum s. Oudemans (1910,1937), André (1926), Thor and Willmann (1947) - a synonym of T. rimosum Koch, 1837. T. holosericeum displays an almost edaphic life style except during mating and the parasitic phase of larvae. The life cycle is uni- to semivoltine, females may be iteroparous. Data on host range of larvae and physiological properties of eggs and protonymphs are given.
The extinct ant genera Stigmomyrmex Mayr and Stiphromyrmex Wheeler (subfamily Myrmicinae) were described from the Baltic amber (Late Eocene, Priabonian, ca. 34-38 Ma). A new species, Stigmomyrmex rugulosus sp. nov., is described from the Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers, and a neotype of Stiphromyrmex robustus (Mayr) is designated. Additionally, we found from the Bitterfeld amber three more specimens of S. venustus Mayr, previously the only known species of the genus. S. rugulosus well differs from S. venustus by the presence of longitudinal rugulosity on the head dorsum, mesosoma and waist, and by the presence of numerous suberect hairs on the legs.
Lepidocaulinus gen. nov. and its type species L. mirabilis sp. nov. (Coleóptera: Tenebrionidae: Stenochiinae) are described from Thailand. The new genus is related to Pigeocaulinus Kaszab, 1984 (= Leprocaulinus Kaszab, 1982, not Leprocaulinus Uvarov, 1940), and to Hexarhopalus Fairmaire, 1891. Pigeocaulinus sumatranus Kaszab, 1984 is considered as a new synonym of Pigeocaulinus krikkeni (Kaszab, 1982). Neotype is designated for Pigeocaulinus sumatranus Kaszab, 1984.
Echinothrombium spinosum (Canestrini, 1885) is redescribed based on female. Characteristics of larvae, described for the first time, deutonymphs and adults as well as data on biology are provided. Data on habitat specificity and phenology of the species as well as on developmental times of larvae are given. A female of E. spinosum, from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, has been designated as neotype. Key characters that allow to differentiate E. spinosum from E. rhodinum (C. L. Koch, 1837) pertain mainly to postlarval forms.
The extinct rabbits, Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930) and Hypolagus brachygnathus (Petényi, 1864) were the most abundant European representatives of Hypolagus (Leporidae, Archeolaginae). In Poland their fossil remains are known from rich accumulations filling karst forms of the Kraków-Wieluń Upland and Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Review of the Polish Plio-Pleistocene (Ruscinian to Biharian) material from seven localities and the description of new specimens from six localities are given. The history of research on the Central European Hypolagus is summarised and the emended differential diagnoses with synonymy are provided for each species, accompanied by descriptions of the type material. On the basis of over 11,000 specimens, the quantitative analysis (descriptive statistics and ANOVA), as well as the detailed study of tooth enamel pattern (P2 and p3 morphotype analysis) and the bone morphology were conducted, which enabled to assess the intra- and interspecific variability. H. beremendensis, the smaller and gracile species persisted from the Late Pliocene (MN 15, Węże 1 locality) to the earliest Pleistocene (Kamyk locality). In Kamyk it co-occurred with the larger, robust, and predominant H. brachygnathus, which survived in Poland until the end of the Biharian (Zalesiaki 1A locality). Palaeoecology and adaptations of both species and the possible causes of their extinction are discussed.
The adult and deutonymph oi Microtrombidium pusillum (Hermann, 1804) are redescribed; the heteromorphic larva reared in laboratory is described for the first time. The taxonomic status of the genus is revised; diagnoses of all active instars are provided. The neotype is designated basing on the female from which larvae have been obtained by experimental rearing. Megophthrombium Mullen and Vercammen-Grandjean, 1978, Phlebotrombium Fain and Baker, 1993 and Crinitrombium Southcott, 1994 are considered subjective junior synonyms of Microtrombidium Haller, 1882. Larvae hitherto described as Microtrombidium do not belong to this genus; their generic status is discussed. Alexothrombium gen. nov. based on Microtrombidium baerti Fain and Grootaert, 1993 as type species and Parawillungella gen. nov. based on Microtrombidium nitidum Southcott, 1994 as type species are described. The phenology, life cycle and parasitism of M. pusillum are discussed and compared with adequate data for other Microtrombidiidae.
Platytrombidium fasciatum (C. L. Koch, 1836) and Atractothrombium sylvaticum (C. L. Koch, 1835) are redescribed. Characteristics of larvae, deutonymphs and adults as well as the data on biology are provided. The status of Atractothrombium Feider, 1952, earlier synonymized with Platytrombidium Thor, 1936, is restored, based on the characters discovered in larvae and postlarval forms. The revised diagnoses of both genera are proposed. Data on habitat specificity, phenology, developmental times and parasitic associations of larvae are given. Females of P. fasciatum and A. sylvaticum from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, are designated as neotypes. Platytrombidium ornatum (Kramer, 1896) syn. nov., P. insulanum (Oudemans, 1901) syn. nov., P. vagabundium (Berlese, 1903) syn. nov., P. trispinum (Berlese, 1910) syn. nov., P. quadrispinum (Berlese, 1910) syn. nov. and P. albofasciatum (Berlese, 1912) comb. nov. are considered synonyms of Platytrombidium fasciatum (C. L. Koch, 1836). Atractothrombium simulans (Berlese, 1910) comb. nov. and Cylindrothrombium arnolfi Haitlinger, 1998 syn. nov. are considered synonyms of Atractothrombium sylvaticum (C. L. Koch, 1835). Thrombidium [sic!] tectocervix (Oudemans, 1903) (originally described as Hydrarachna [!]) is transferred to Atractothrombium. Platytrombidium belairense Gabryś, 1999 syn. nov. is regarded as objective junior synonym of Foliotrombidium ornatum Womersley, 1945. Generic affiliation of Empitrombium littorale (Michener, 1946) and E. dictyostracum (Vercammen-Grandjean and Cochrane, 1974) is maintained. Cylindrothrombium Feider, 1955 is retained a synonym of Platytrombidium Thor, 1936.
A redescription of Trombidium geniculatum (Feider, 1955), based on female is given. Morphological data on deutonymphs are provided. Larvae are described for the first time. A female, from which larvae have been obtained by experimental rearing, has been selected for neotype. T. geniculatum, closely related to T. holosericeum, is associated with forest habitats.
The larva of Enemothrombium bifoliosum (Canestrini, 1884) is described for the first time. Postlarval instars are redescribed and the neotype is designated. Diagnoses of adults, deutonymphs and larvae for Enemothrombium Berlese, 1910 and Valgothrombium Willmann, 1940 are provided. Parafeiderium culicoidium Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974 is transferred to Enemothrombium. Parafeiderium stuarti Baker, 1999 is transferred to Valgothrombium. Parafeiderium Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974 is considered a junior synonym of Enemothrombium Berlese, 1910. Lacinitrombium Southcott, 1994 and Furcotrombium Southcott, 1994 are synonymized with Valgothrombium. As a result, four new combinations arose: Enemothrombium culicoidium (Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974), comb, nov., Valgothrombium fluminis (Michener, 1946), comb, nov., Valgothrombium spasiscutum (Robaux, 1974), comb. nov. and Valgothrombium stuarti (Baker, 1999), comb. nov. Data about phenology, life cycle, development and parasitism of E. bifoliosum are reported. The phylogenetic position of Enemothrombium within Microtrombidiidae is discussed.
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