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1

Habitat segregation by moose in a boreal forest ecotone

100%
Miller B. K., Litvaitis J. A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1992
|
tom 37
|
nr 1-2
We examined seasonal borne range size and habitat use by sexes of moose Alces dices (Linnaeus, 1758) near the southern edge of this species' geographic range. Home range size did not differ between males and females during any season. The distribution of forage partly explained seasonal habitat use by both sexes. However, sites occupied by males in summer (1 Juno - 15 September) and autumn (16 September - 31 December) were at higher elevations, had steeper slopes, and were farther from potential aquatic feeding sites than sites used by females. We suggest that habitat segregation during these seasons was a consequence of differential resource requirements, not active avoidance by either sex. During summer, females occupied lowland sites near forest cuts, presumably because these sites had abundant forage and dense understory cover that concealed their young from predators. Additionally, females utilized roadside salt licks more often than males during summer and autumn. Males occupied upland hardwood stands during summer in an apparent effort to avoid heat stress and maximize forage intake. Habitat characteristics of both sexes were similar during winter when resource needs were probably equivalent, and the quality and distribution of forage were more homogenous.
2

First description of histopathological lesions associated with a fatal infection of moose (Alces alces) with the liver fluke Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha Ejsmont, 1932

86%
Filip-Hutsch K., Hutsch T., Kolasa S., Demiaszkiewicz A. W.
Journal of Veterinary Research
|
2019
|
tom 63
|
nr 4
3

Characteristics of habitats used by a female moose in the managed forest area

86%
Heikkila R., Nygren K., Harkonen S., Mykkanen A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1996
|
tom 41
|
nr 3
The use of habitats by one female moose Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) in a managed forest area was studied in 1993-1994. The home range area for the whole year 1993 was 4154 ha (the 90% minimum convex polygon). The area used during January-April in the first winter was 1888 ha (71% of the summer range in May-August). The core area (50% adaptive kernel) was 408 ha (9.8% of home range) in 1993. Forested peatlands were relatively intensively used by the moose. The old and middle-aged forests were used heavily up until the autumn. In the second winter with thicker snow cover the home range was smaller and the use of available habitats more uniform. The characteristics of stands used in the core area did not differ significantly from the average for the whole area. The availability of food was relatively high even in the old-forest habitats due to the forest edges rich in saplings, particularly in the vicinity of peatland. The moose fed mainly on highly available birch and used more Scots pine in the second winter. The availability of palatable saplings, dwarf shrubs and herbaceous plants appear to have seasonal importance in habitat selection. The tops of recently felled trees were utilized for periods lasting for several days. By combining the basic ecological elements, dynamic factors and effects of browsing, the habitat analyses could probably be useful for management planning in moose areas.
4

The winter browse supply for moose in different forest site-types in the Biebrza Valley, Poland

86%
Borkowska A., Konopko A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1994
|
tom 39
|
nr 1
The winter biomass of browse for moose was estimated in the fresh pine forest, the moist coniferous forest and the alder wood in the Biebrza Valley (NE Poland). Fifteen species of trees and shrubs were available to moose in the forest site-types examined. Ten of them were identified to be important: six in each forest association. On the basis of their biomass, Betula pubescens, B. pendula and Frangula alnus were the most important food plants in coniferous forests and Sorbus aucuparia in the alder wood. The highest supply of browse was found in the timber stand of the moist coniferous forest (27.42 kg dry wt/ha) and the alder wood (25.97 kg dry wt/ha). The lowest supply of 5.43 kg dry wt/ha was available in the fresh pine forest. Browse was least abundant in the pole-sized stands of both fresh pine (0.78 kg dry wt/ha) and the moist coniferous forest 0.87 kg dry wt/ha).
5

Diet composition of wolves Canis lupus in East-Central Finland

86%
Gade-Jorgensen I., Stagegaard R.
Acta Theriologica
|
2000
|
tom 45
|
nr 4
In east-central Finland, wall' Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 scats were collected from January to November 1997. The summer (May-September) and winter (October-April) diet were determined from 370 scats using four scat-analysis methods: frequency of occurrence, measured dry weight, relative volume and the linear regression model of Weaver (1993). An overall agreement of diet assessment was found between the methods. Moose Alees alces was far the most important prey species in both seasons, accounting for 88% (summer) and 96% (winter) of consumed mammal biomass, Other food types were: hare, beaver, badger, dog, pig, cattle, birds, small rodents, berries, insects, and fishes. The presence of domestic pig and cattle remains implied scavenging behaviour by the wolves. The inclusion of dogs leads to conflict between man and wolves. From 260 scats the summer diet of two wolf packs and the winter diet of one of the packs were determined. No notable seasonal difference in diet was found. An inter-pack difference in summer diet was found, resulting from a relatively lower exploitation of moose (69% versus 93% of consumed mammal biomass) and a cor­responding wider use of secondary food types, especially hare, by one of the packs.
6

Selection of browse twigs by moose

72%
Dzieciolowski R.
Acta Theriologica
|
1974
|
tom 19
|
nr 14-25
7

Admixture promotes genetic variation in bottlenecked moose populations in eastern Poland

72%
Swislocka M., Czajkowska M., Duda N., Ratkiewicz M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2015
|
tom 60
|
nr 2
Human activity has led to severe bottlenecks in many wildlife species in the recent past. This usually increases the strength of genetic drift, leading to loss of genetic variation. Gene flow may however counteract the genetic consequences of small population size. Using 11 of 38 tested microsatellite loci and five moose populations in eastern Poland, we investigated the effects of two phenomena: bottlenecks that occurred in the nineteenth century and the first half of twentieth century, and admixture after moose populations expanded demographically and spatially in eastern Poland after the Second World War. The statistical tests indicated a recent bottleneck in all the studied samples with respect to H E and low Garza–Williamson index values. The Biebrza population, which consists of autochthonous moose representing a branch of the Central Europe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade and immigrants belonging to the Ural clade, is one of the most variable populations of this species. AMOVA, PCA, and STRUCTURE analyses all revealed significant population structuring, with most probable existence of K = 2 genetically distinct clusters that exhibited a relatively high level of admixture. Analysis of recent dispersal rates demonstrated that population from the Biebrza Valley may supply individuals to the other four studied moose populations. We also found female-biased sex ratio in nonharvested moose populations inhabiting eastern Poland.
8

The summer diet of moose Alces alces in Agder, south Norway - the link to fragile bones and kidney damages?

72%
Bjerga M., Mysterud A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1999
|
tom 44
|
nr 1
Reported cases of fragile bones and kidney damage from the Agder counties, south Norway, motivated this study of the diets of radio-collared moose Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 during summer 1995. Birch Betula pubescens (39.8%), bilberry Vaccinium myr- tillus (13.3%), and bog asphodel Narthecium ossifragum (10.8%) were the main plants eaten, but only birch and bog asphodel were preferred when use was compared to relative availability. Bog asphodel is highly toxic and has been reported to cause severe kidney damage in domestic sheep Ouis aries and cattle Bos taurus. Hence, we hypothesized high levels of bog asphodel in the diet of moose in Agder is the link to kidney damage frequently reported from this area. However, laboratory studies have not documented damage to the skeleton from high intake of this species, and we therefore hypothesized fragile bones are caused by other factors than eating bog asphodel.
9

Mammalian evolution in response to the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and break-up of the mammoth steppe: two case studies

72%
Guthrie R. D.
Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
|
1995
|
tom 38
|
nr 1
10

Seasonal diets of red foxes in a boreal forest with a dense population of moose: the importance of winter scavenging

58%
Needham R., Odden M., Lundstadsveen S. K., Wegge P.
Acta Theriologica
|
2014
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
In Scandinavia, an increased red fox Vulpes vulpes density during the last decades has been suggested to be caused by direct and indirect human influences on food availability. Recently, attention has been focused on the role of increasing scavenging opportunities due to intensified hunting of ungulates and the reestablishment of large carnivores. In our study, we investigated seasonal and annual variations in diet composition of red fox in Varaldskogen, SE Norway, an area with cyclic voles and a high density of moose Alces alces. Analyses of scats revealed significant differences among seasons in the occurrence of ungulates—mainly moose—and ungulates were the dominating food category during winter (44.9 % of all remains). Snow tracking of red fox (71 km) in winter confirmed the importance of ungulate carcasses, i.e. one case of scavenging per 3 km. The proportions of voles were high during all seasons (11.2–28.8 %); in spite of variation in available abundances, no significant seasonal or annual differences were detected. Other food categories with seasonal variation were birds, berries/seeds and amphibians/reptiles, all more common in snow-free seasons. Our study underlines the importance of ungulate remains during periods when the abundance and diversity of alternative food sources is low. Increased and stabilized populations of red foxes—mediated through remains from hunting and wolf kills from high moose populations—might have an important effect on the population dynamics of small game. Hence, we recommend that this relationship be given attention in future studies.
11

Ecological niches of five big ungulates in a forest tract

58%
Dzieciolowski R. M.
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
|
1991
|
tom 33
12
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Content available

Giardia prevalence in wild cervids in Poland

58%
Majewska A. C., Solarczyk P., Moskwa B., Cabaj W., Jankowska W., Nowosad P.
Annals of Parasitology
|
2012
|
tom 58
|
nr 4
A total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of Poland. Specimens were taken from 65 fallow deer (Dama dama), 61 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 50 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and five moose (Alces alces). Giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from the red deer and in two samples from the roe deer. Although this study has demonstrated that Giardia infection is remarkably rare in wild cervids, it should be emphasized that there are large populations of these animals in Poland.
13

Moose browsing on pine and willow in the Biebrza Valley, Poland

58%
Borkowska A., Konopko A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1994
|
tom 39
|
nr 4
Utilization of browse supply and moose Aices alces Linnaeus, 1758 browsing intensity in relation to tree height (0.5-3.0 m) were estimated for Scots pine in thickets and willow in willow-birch shrubs. The thickets examined provided different browse resources (0.5, 2.0 and 3.2 t dry wt/ha) and the highest utilization (about 50%) was found in the poorest one (thicket 1). In the willow-birch shrubs the use of browse was high and amounted to 85% of total production in both the winter periods studied. The number and increase of biomass of browsed twigs per stem (or plot} was generally associated with the increase of tree height. Browsing intensity depended on the tree height. Pines of 1.5-1.99 m height were characterized by the greatest browse utiliza­tion (76.3%). Moose removed significantly more biomass and twigs from pines growing in the central zone of the thicket 1 than from those growing in the marginal zone. However, in the wiilow-birch shrubs the utilization of all tree height classes was above 70% of the production and moose browsed not only the last year's growth of shoots but also that of earlier years.
14

Forest cover selection and activity of cow moose in summer

58%
Demarchi M. W., Bunnell F. L.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 1
Although thermal cover receives attention from managers, variations in data regarding its use by ungulates hinders development of effective cover guidelines. We examined patterns of habitat selection and activity of radio-collared cow moose Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 to determine if these 2 parameters were influenced by ambient thermal environment. Cow moose used sites with relatively denser forest canopies when conditions of heat stress existed in open areas. Use of open areas did not change with ambient temperature; some sites classed as open on forest cover maps, however, had willow canopies capable of providing thermal cover. An increase in the use of open sites from 11.00 to 24.00 hr corresponded to a simultaneous decrease in the likelihood of thermal stress in such areas; predator-avoidance was deemed unlikely to explain observed behaviour. Moose decreased activity and distance traveled between successive locations during hot periods. Summer thermal cover is a selected, manage­able component of moose habitat in southern British Columbia.
15

The trophic ecology of wolves and their predatory role in ungulate communities of forest ecosystems in Europe

51%
Okarma H.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 4
Predation by wolves Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 in ungulate communities in Europe, with special reference to the multi-species system of Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland/Belarus), was assessed on the basis results of original research and literature. In historical times (post-glacial period), the geographical range of the wolf and most ungulate species in Europe decreased considerably. Community richness of ungulates and potential prey for wolves, decreased over most of the continent from 5-6 species to 2-3 species. The wolf is typically an opportunistic predator with a highly diverse diet; however, cervids are its preferred prey. Red deer Ceruus eiaphus are positively selected from ungulate communities in all localities, moose Alces alces are the major prey only where middle-sized species are scarce. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus are locally preyed on intensively, especially where they have high density, co-exist mainly with moose or wild boar Sus scrofa, and red deer is scarce or absent. Wild boar are generally avoided, except in a few locations; and European bison Bison bonasus are not preyed upon by wolves. Wolf predation contributes substantially to the total natural mortality of ungulates in Europe: 42.5% for red deer, 34.5% for moose, 25.7% for roe der, and only 16% for wild boar. Food niche breadth (B) of wolves in Europe, calculated only for the ungulates considered in this study, increases with the number of ungulate species in the community. There is also a significant rela­tionship between ungulate community breadth and food niche breadth of wolves. Food niche breadth of wolves, however, does not achieve very high values even in the richest ungulate communities. Wolves easily adapt to locally abundant food of anthropogenic origin (livestock, garbage). The level of predation on livestock may be a result of different husbandry practices (eg use of livestock guarding dogs) rather than of differences in availability of wild and domestic prey. Available data from Europe suggest that wolves likely limit density of red deer and moose in some areas. Roe deer density can be decreased locally by wolves but is limited mainly by lynx Lynx lynx. Wild boar density is more influenced by mast crops of Quercus spp. and Fagus siluatica (and to a lesser extent by snow depth) than by wolf predation.
16

The roles of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

51%
Okarma H., Jedrzejewska B., Jedrzejewski W., Krasinski Z. A., Milkowski L.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 2
The relative importance of various mortality factors was studied in populations of European bison Bison bonasus, moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, and wild boar Sus scrofa in the exploited and protected parts of Białowieża Primeval Forest, eastern Poland. Data consisted of harvest quotas and records of ungulate carcasses found to have died from poaching, gun-wounds, traffic accidents, disease/starvation, and killed by wolves Canis lupus, lynx Lynx lynx and stray dogs. In the exploited forests, red deer suffered most from wolf predation (cause of death in 58% of deer carcasses found) and disease/starvation (22%). Important factors of roe deer mortality were disease/starvation (31% of carcasses), lynx (28%), and wolves (23%). European bison and moose died mainly from disease (79% and 52%, respectively), and poaching (14% and 32%, respectively). Wild boar suffered mostly from disease/ /starvation (61%) and wolf predation (16%). Hunters, poachers, and traffic accidents acted non-selectively on the 5 ungulate species and on the sex and age classes. Wolves positively selected red deer and took fewer wild boar than expected at random. Lynx specialised on roe deer, and stray dogs killed wild boar more often than expected. Lynx strongly selected red deer calves. Stray dogs killed more juvenile roe deer than expected. In wild boar, mortality from starvation/disease increased in the year following an abundant acorn crop. Heavy acorn crop led to an increase in the numbers of wild boar, many of which died the following year. In the other ungulates, variation in acorn crop had no effect on death from starvation and disease. Variation in snow cover did not affect ungulate mortality in mild and moderate winters, but the extremely severe winter of 1969/70 (snow depth up to 100 cm) caused mass deaths of red deer, roe deer and wild boar.
17
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The occurrence of Megatrypanum trypanosomes in wild ruminants in Poland

44%
Wita I., Kingston N., Karbowiak G., Czaplinska U.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
|
1998
|
tom 44
|
nr 3
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