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The distribution of heterochromatin in mitotic chromosomes was studied in five inbred lines of rye Secale vavilovii Grossh. (nos. 52, 109, 116, 121 and 225). An additional heterochromatin band was found on the long arm of one of the chromosomes of pair 2R, at an average distance of 2.08 µm from the centromere. After the plants with an additional band on 2R were reproduced, plants with two chromosomes with an additional band were obtained, as well as those with one chromosome with an additional band and with chromosomes without that band. Distinct differences were observed in 1R in terms of the presence/absence of a band in the vicinity of the NOR constriction, and the size of the telomere bands. Telomere band size also differed in chromosomes 2R, 4R, 6R and 7R. Modifications of the heterochromatin fragment consisted in deletion of a telomeric heterochromatin segment and in the presence of different numbers of interstitial heterochromatin bands. The content of telomeric heterochromatin was the highest in 3R (18.86%) and the lowest in 4R (6.90%). During telophase, daughter nuclei connections in the form of a chromatin bridge were observed in a number of cells.
Karyotype of conventionally stained and C-banded mitotic chromosomes of Rhoeo spathacea was analyzed. Chromosomes of this diploid species (2n = 12) were classified according to their meiotic sequence described by earlier authors. The chromosome complex of Rhoeo is comparatively rich in heterochromatin (~ 18% of karyotype length), and the main differences between C-banded chromosomes concern the amount of pericentromeric heterochromatin and the presence of distally located segments. It is suggested that the karyotype of R. spathacea presented here fulfills the criteria of Bennett’s "natural karyotype." C-banding of somatic interphase nuclei and mitotic prophases revealed a highly polarized arrangement of chromosomes (Rabl orientation). The centromeres have a distinct tendency to form rings within nuclei, and to gather into 1-3 large collective chromocenters. The presumptive role of non-random distribution of chromosomes at interphase is discussed.
Each of the seven chromosomes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was identified using sequential staining with Chromomycin A₃ (CMA) and 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as DNA base-specific fluorescent dyes. The present method using enzymatic digestion produced a high level of well-spread early-metaphase chromosome complements. After CMA and DAPI staining, reproducible fluorescence bands were obtained in mitotic prometaphase chromosomes. The CMA staining method made it possible to characterize whole chromosomes from prometaphase to mid-metaphase. Chromosome 1 had the largest and widest CMA-positive (CMA⁺) band from the proximal region to the interstitial region on the long arm in prometaphase. A large gap separating of the short arm from the long arm was always observed in chromosome 2 during prometaphase. The banding pattern of the short arm was similar to that of the long arm in chromosome 2. Chromosomes 1 and 2 in early metaphase had sharp and large CMA-positive and DAPI-negative (CMA⁺DAPI⁻) bands at the pericentromeric regions. In early metaphase, chromosome 3 was characterized by having a narrow CMA⁺DAPI⁻ band on the pericentromeric region of the short arm. Chromosomes 4 and 5 showed similar chromosome length and had a large CMA⁺ band at the distal region of the long arm. Chromosome 4 did not show any clear band in the short arm, while chromosome 5 showed a telomeric CMA⁺ band at the short arm and a clear CMA⁺DAPI⁻ band at the pericentromeric region. Chromosome 6 had a CMA⁺ band at the distal region and a weak CMA⁺ band at the proximal region in each of the arms. Chromosome 7 had an evident CMA⁺ band in the long arm and a CMA⁺ DAPI⁻ band in the pericentromeric region.
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