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Several fusarial toxins (DAS, DON, FUS-X and MON) were assayed for their genotoxic activity with Vicia faba var. minor and Pisum sativum used as eukaryotic, whole-organism, test systems. Four concentrations: 1, 5, 10 and 20 µg mL⁻¹ were applied for 24 hours, and three fixing times: 24, 48 and 72 hours after the beginning of the treatment. Nuclei and chromosomes in mitotic cells were stained by the Feulgen method. Generally, fusarial toxins in plant cells produced three types of effects: prevented proliferating cells from entering mitosis, caused mitotic alterations and were cytotoxic. Mitotic alterations included C-mitoses, a higher incidence of metaphases/anaphases, excessive condensation of chromosomes, multipolar spindles, disturbed anatelophases and micronuclei. Both type and range of each effect were related to plant species, toxin concentration and duration of the recovery period. The results obtained from our plant bioassays were compared with those reported from other assay systems.
The organization of spindle microtubules (MTs) was examined by light microscopy in mitotic cells of Luzula luzuloides, a plant with holokinetic chromosomes. Allium cepa cells were used as comparative material. Spindle structure and mitotic chromosomes were studied using phase-contrast microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) following anti-α-tubulin labeling and propidium iodide staining. The mitotic chromosomes of Luzula were rod-shaped and approximately similar in length, and did not possess primary constrictions. Luzula chromosomes untreated with saturated solution of α-bromonaphthalene, aligned in the metaphase plate, could not be observed as individuals. Their anaphase movement was specific; the spindle attachment was not localized but evenly distributed along the poleward edge of the chromosomes so that the chromatids moved apart in parallel, not forming the classical V-shaped figures characteristic of monokinetic chromosomes. The spindle of Luzula was relatively short with distinct blunt poleward ends. Microtubules were equally spread through the metaphase plate, indicating the holokinetic nature of Luzula chromosomes.
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