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Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed due to chlorination of water containing organic compounds. They have mutagenous and carcinogenic properties. The main representative of this effluent group is chloroform. The objectives of this paper are to determine the removal effectiveness of chloroform from natural water with the application of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration as well as modelling the flux of using a mathematical model based on resistance determination law and filtration model in constant pressure conditions (J. Hermia's model). The investigation carried out demonstrated the possibility of applying these processes for the removal of chloroform from water. The comparison of volumetric fluxes - the model flux and the experimental one, confirmed good congruence of the model calculations with the results of investigation studies.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of potato starch into maltose syrup in a tubular membrane reactor was studied. Hydrolysis and ultrafiltration conditions were determined in order to estimate the permeate flux and maltose concentration suitable for industrial production of maltose syrup. Experiments were made with different parameters such as: substrate: enzyme ratio, membrane porosity, transmembrane pressure. In a membrane bioreactor fungal α-amylase was able to produce maltose syrup with maltose and maltotriose content of 55-65% and 16-23%, respectively.
The rapeseed protein preparations were obtained by isolation of proteins from the extracted, non-toasted meal by means of the fractionation and enzymatic modification of proteins with utilisation of membrane techniques. Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins was performed during extraction by means of Alcalase 2.5L in the portion of 9 AU/kg of the substrate protein. To recover and purify the non-precipitating in coagulation regime protein fractions, the membrane techniques were used. The ultrafiltration and diafiltration were performed in the unit for cross-flow ultrafiltration with hollow-fibre membrane cartridges with a nominal molecular weight cut-off range of 20, 70 and 100 kDa, respectively. The influence of the molecular weight cut-off, yield of filtration, concentration factor during ultrafiltration and diafiltration step on the foaming and emulsifying properties of the rapeseed protein preparations was investigated. It has been shown that the application of the membrane cartridges with molecular weight cut-off range of 20 kDa gives relatively the highest recovery of rapeseed "albumin" fraction and by the way it allows obtaining of preparations with better foaming and emulsifying properties. The improvement of properties mentioned above was dependent, to a greater extent, on the diafiltration step than on the concentration factor.
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