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Language and thinking: analysis of breathing-related phraseology

100%
Niebroj L. T.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
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2005
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tom 56
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nr 4
119-125
In the contemporary bioethics, patient's autonomy is often recognized as the most important issue. This autonomy is interpreted as the right to self-determination regarding all medical-related decisions. An essential condition of autonomous decisions is the adequate knowledge of the issues involved. The "informed consent" has become a gold standard of bioethics. All this leads to focusing on the problems related to communication, and, in consequence, on the language as a fundamental tool of communication. The aim of the article was to reveal the meaning of "breath(e)/breathing" and in that way to contribute to a better communication between doctors and patients. An analysis was performed using a method of non-analytical philosophy of language. English, Italian, and Polish were chosen as subjects of this study. The results clearly show the multiplicity and variety of meanings that assume breathing-related linguistic expressions. All of them are classified in four main groups. In conclusion, the author submits that an improvement in the understanding of different meanings of words used in the doctor-patient relationship can contribute to maintaining ethical standards in medical practice.
2
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The influence of religious beliefs on health care: between medical futility and refusal of treatment

100%
Niebroj L. T.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
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2006
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tom 57
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nr 4
241-249
The problem of respecting the patients’ religious-based decisions seems to play increasingly important role in medical practice. Most probably it happens because: (i) bioethical standards accentuate the principle of the respect for autonomy (the departure form medical paternalism) and (ii) the contacts between people belonging to different religious traditions are becoming more and more frequent (the process of globalization). Toleration, in particular toleration of patients’ religious convictions, needs to be considered as a vital issue for the pluralistic societies. A four-principle approach to medical ethics is assumed as a theoretical base for this study. The main methodological steps could be described as: (i) identification of a ‘considered judgment’ (proper to the problem in concern), (ii) its specification, and (iii) balancing/ overriding. According to the internationally accepted proclamations of human rights, the positive obligation to tolerate religious beliefs is indicated as the principle which should govern the process of dealing with the patients’ religiously motivated decisions. The special status of patients’ religious-based decisions as well as the ‘obliging force’ of them is considered. The article concludes with guidelines on how to help doctors resolve moral dilemma related to tolerance of patients’ religious-based decisions.
3
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‘Do not resuscitate order’ in neonatology: authority rules

80%
Niebroj L. T., Jadamus-Niebroj D.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
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2007
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tom 58
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nr 5
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