The techniques for gametes, embryos and genome manipulations are poorly developed in birds due at least in part to the difficulties of obtaining a sufficient number of oocytes for experiments and particular development of embryos. In the present study the possibilities of manipulations of avian gametes and embryos, such as multiple ovulations, in vitro ovulation and fertilisation, embryo culture and obtaining transgenic birds, are reviewed. Presently, it is possible to carry out (1) in vitro maturation, ovulation and fertilisation of avian oocytes, (2) embryo culture from one-cell to hatching, (3) producing of chimeras by using manipulated in vitro PGCs and BCs and (4) obtaining transgenic birds.
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