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The neuropeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) has been recently found to be involved in cognitive processes. Both AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors seem to mediate this action. However, unspecific behavioural effects of the peptide, particularly motor and emotional, appear to influence the interpretation of cognition-oriented tests and contribute to considerable differences in opinions of various authors on the subject. In this study, aimed specifically at the assessment of these effects, we found small and insignificant changes in motor performance measured in open field after intracebroventricular injections of Ang II and its receptor subtype-specific antagonists; losartan (AT1) and PD 123319 (AT2). However, Ang II was found to increase substantially anxiety measured in elevated 'plus' maze and impair motor coordination measured in 'chimney test'. Interestingly, both antagonists abolished Ang II generated anxiety and only losartan counteracted impaired motor coordination caused by the peptide. The AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 impairing motor coordination on its own, nonetheless partly diminished that caused by Ang II. Therefore it appears safe to conclude that mood but not motor effects of AT1 and AT2 receptor affecting drugs may significantly bias interpretation of the cognition - oriented tests on these drugs.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to modulate tyrosine kinases (PTKs) activity in pituitary tumor cells. It is known that AngII is acting via AT1 receptors in many tissues. The aim of this study was to see whether 3-8 fragment of AngII, called angiotensin IV (AngIV) has a similar effect on tyrosine kinase activity in normal pituitary gland and what type of angiotensin receptor is involved in this process. The homogenates of normal rat pituitaries was a source of enzymes. The PTKs activity was determined using the synthetic substrate poly GluTyr and -32P-ATP. Ang IV was found to increase the PTK activity in the rat anterior pituitary tissue, with the maximal effect at concentration of 10-10M. AngII was ineffective at all concentrations studied. Losartan, a selective AT1 receptor blocker, added together with Ang IV abolished the effect of the latter, however losartan diminished also the PTK activity when applied together with Ang II, but only when it was added immediately before, but not after, the addition of Ang II. The involvement of a non-classic AT1-like receptor is suggested.
Learning and memory effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) microinjected unilaterally (left or right) and bilaterally into hippocampal CA1 area on the background of the inhibited hippocampal angiotensin 1 receptors type (ATI) of male Wistar rats were studied. It was found that the combination (losartan 100 ^g + Ang II 0.5^g) microinjected bilaterally or into the left CA1 area improved learning and memory in shuttle-box and step through behavioral tests as compared to the respective controls. The effects were more pronounced after injection into the left CA1 area as compared to the right-side. These findings suggest thatAng II infused on the background of the inhibited CA1 hippocampal AT1 receptors ameliorated the cognitive processes. The data show also an asymmetric effect of Ang II on learning and memory processes in the hippocampus. The stronger modulating effect after microinjection of the combination (losartan + Ang II) into the left CA1 hippocampal area suggests a leftward bias in the rat. The results point to a differential distribution of angiotensin II receptors modulating the learning and memory processes in the left and right hippocampal CA1 area.
Calcilytics, antagonists of calcium receptor, decrease sensitivity of this receptor to plasma calcium concentration and increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Moreover, it was recently indicated that calcilytic NPS 2143 induces hypertension in rats. This study tested whether the increase of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) induced by NPS 2143 administration is mediated by calcium channel and angiotensin II type1 (AT1) receptor activity. Wistar rats were anaesthesized with Thiopental i.p. and infused i.v. with saline supplemented with the anaesthetic. Blood pressure was monitored continuously in the carotid artery. Effects of NPS 2143 administered i.v. as bolus on MAP in the presence and absence of felodypine and losartan were investigated. Both, felodipine and losartan pretreatment provoked a persistent MAP decrease by 18±3 and 14±3 mmHg, respectively. Infusion of NPS 2143 at 1 mg/kg b.w. confirmed hypertensive activity of calcilytic and increased blood pressure for 21±4 mmHg. In contrast, administration of NPS 2143 in felodipine as well as in losartan pretreated rats did not change MAP as compared to felodipine/control and losartan/control groups, respectively. Our study indicated that both the blockade of calcium channels and the AT1 receptor activity prevented the hypertensive effect of calcilytic NPS 2143. This finding might be particularly important in understanding the mechanisms that mediated blood pressure changes related to the activity of calcium receptor.
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