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Selected determinants of demographic safety

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The article presents, in a simplified manner, selected theories of population to explain the current trends of population development in Poland and throughout the world. The aim of the article is to present the demographic threats that have emerged in the last eighty years. Prognosticated age structures have also been predicted. Significant differences between the structure of the population now and the future have been indicated, particularly regarding the ageing of the population. Against the background of global transformations analyzes of changes in Poland have been conducted. The comparison shows that changes in Poland are highly analogous to transformations around the world, such as declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. These changes cause ageing of the population, which could result in the collapse of the functioning of the labor market and the pension system as it currently exists.
The significance of rural poverty is underscored by the fact that a high percentage of the national population resides in the rural areas, is poor, and dependent on agriculture. The aim of this study is therefore to analyse the determinants of poverty status among cassava growing households in Oyo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the determinants of poverty status among the respondents, and examine the poverty profile of the respondents based on their income class. Descriptive statistics, Probit Regression analysis and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures were used to analyse the objectives, respectively. The result shows that number of years spent in school, household size and household assets were found to be the significant determinants of the poverty status of the respondents. Household size had a negative eff ect on the household’s poverty status, while household assets and years of schooling had positive effects on status. The results of the FGT measures show that poverty incidence, depth and severity are higher in the low-income class than in the high-income class. In conclusion, farmers who are members of larger households, those with little or no formal education and those with minimal assets were poorer than others. It is therefore recommended that a family-planning campaign and farmers’ educational programs should be intensified in the study area.
The aim of the paper is to construct a model which describes the life expectancy of privet sawfly females (Macrophya punctumalbum L.), including additional information on the number of eggs. The data on life expectancy of females and their fertility were obtained in the course of research on the bionomy of the privet sawfly. A variety of discrete distributions to modelling the lengths of life was provided, namely: the Poisson Distribution, the Negative Binomial Distribution and the Poisson-inverse Gaussian Distribution. The analysis the above distributions were applied along with the GAMLSS (Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape) and the resulting models were compared with the use of the Global Deviance criterion, the Akaike information criterion and the Schwarz Bayesian criterion. For the best model the expected value and the standard deviation were defined. The profile deviance plot of this parameters, analysis of the residuals, kernel density and Q-Q plot are presented, too. All analyses were performed in R with the GAMLSS package.
Living conditions, place of residence and surrounding natural as well as atmospheric environment determine human health status and life expectancy. This article presents the specificity of biothermal conditions as illustrated by the selected cities in Poland, with a particular consideration of unfavourable thermal conditions due to excessively high or low air temperature. The present article is a review. In accordance with the tendencies of climate change, it was found that in the cities in Poland, conditions hazardous to health and life due to excessively high temperature and heat stress as well as very strong heat stress, occur with increasing frequency, particularly in the city centre. Additionally, thermal discomfort which is markedly present in the city centre is aggravated and moved to night-time due to urban heat island. According to numerous studies, the incidence of such situations is less frequent in the coastal zone and in the suburban zones.
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