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There is a lack of an acceptable and practical method for calculating the optimal moment at which a forest stand is considered ready for felling. The aim of the research was to: (1) develop a concept for the calculation of the rotation age for forest stands based on economic criteria and (2) develop a methodology for obtaining and processing empirical data necessary for such calculation. It is assumed that stands are felled at the age affecting the age structure (area of age classes) of a forest in such a way that the difference between revenues from the sale of timber harvested in intermediate cuts and final cuts and the costs of timber harvest, silvicultural management, forest protection and administration is the largest. The developed method of calculating the rotation age was tested on the example of three Scots pine forests under the clear−cutting system representing typical forest habitats. The collected empirical material consisted of (1) own measurement data used to determine the value of the growing stock, and (2) data from the State Forests Information System used to determine the management costs, timber prices and the volume of timber harvested from intermediate cuts. These data helped to calculate the relationship between the income from a forest (including: revenues from the final and intermediate cuts, costs of forest management as well as timber harvesting and extraction) and the rotation age. The highest net income was when the rotation age was 108−125 years. The more fertile habitat, the shorter was the rotation age. The proposed methodology can be treated as a useful tool for the calculation of rotation age related to forest management in Poland. The dependence of income from a forest on the rotation age can be used to calculate losses that may arise when other than an optimal rotation age is applied.
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When analysing the financial and economic situation of Polish agriculture and on its model, a discussion should be organised covering the definition of an agricultural holding and its organisational and legal form. It seems that the categories of „individual household” and „individual agricultural holding”, which are generally used as denominative of all agricultural farms run by natural persons are no longer adequate for the level of our family farm system. A category of an „agricultural enterprise” should be created in the structure of agricultural farms. This category should comprise large commercial farms run by natural persons (including large family commercial farms) and agricultural farms run by legal persons. The analyses show that in the current internal and external conditions, the number of farms, which can be considered as commercial farms could be estimated at ca. 200-250 thousand farms (farms of more than 8 ESU). Most of these farms are macro-enterprises. Some of them meet all the criteria of agricultural enterprises. The borderline between these groups of farms is very fuzzy. The number of agricultural enterprises may be estimated at the level of ca. 50 thousand (about a half of the farms from the 16-40 ESU group and farms from the group of >40 ESU). „Classic” agricultural enterprises would comprise all large economic farms (exceeding 40 ESU). In 2005, the group of these farms comprised ca. 16.6 thousand farms, including 14.6 thousand farms run by natural persons.
The assessment of water management in the small Cetynia River catchment in the aspect of sustainable development indicators. The paper presents the results of assessment of water management of three Ocena gospodarowania zasobami wodnymi w zlewni rzeki Cetyni... 107 communes Sokołów Podlaski, Sabnie and Sterdyń which are located at the catchment of Cetynia River. The assessment was made according to rules of sustainable development. The valuation was based on following criteria: social, economical and environmental and assigned to them indicators of sustainable development.
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