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Listeria monocytogenes, a significant food-borne pathogen, must defy a variety of conditions encountered in the food environment and during the infection process. In reaction to adverse conditions, the bacteria significantly change their metabolism, inducing a stress response which is mediated by a range of alternative sigma factors. The extent of the response to stress was shown to vary in the L. monocytogenes population. According to recent evidence a major L. monocytogenes alternative sigma factor, designated sigma B (σB), regulates some virulence genes in response to stress, which supports an older hypothesis that stress-resistant strains should be more pathogenic. The induction of σB-dependent genes may also be important from the point of view of food hygiene. It seems that stress response activation can paradoxically enhance resistance to agents used in food preservation. Therefore, monitoring the expression of σB-dependent genes can serve as a useful marker to assess the innate resistance of L. monocytogenes strains. This knowledge will allow the design of new methods with sequential preservation steps that could inactivate the bacteria without inducing their stress response.
Pathogenicity and ultrastructural investigation of the inoculation of peppermint stems and rhizomes with Phoma strasseri conidia was undertaken using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to examine the host-parasite relationship. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that all tested P. strasseri isolates had infected the stems and rhizomes of peppermint. Of all inoculation methods, direct placement of colonized agar plugs on damaged epidermis and soaking stems and rhizomes in conidial suspension were the most e#ective. !e behavior of the conidia deposited on the stems and rhizomes was investigated at different time intervals after inoculation: 6, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. Conidia produced an appressorium directly at the end of a short germ tube. Appressoria were formed over the cuticle, but never over stomata. Direct penetration to host tissue through the cuticle was observed. The spore and hyphae were covered with a mucilaginous sheath.
The parasite contamination make difficult laboratory cultivation of green algae and decrease significantly the production of microalgal biomass during industrial cultivation. In the present study the influence of the endogenous abscisic acid content (determinate by gas chromatography) on the host-parasite relationship in different ontogenetic phases of the host Scenedesmus as well as resistance induction after treatment of synchronous algal culture with ABA were studied. Synchronization of algae was carried out by alteration of light and dark periods. The age groups under study were: autospores (at the beginning of the light period), growing cells, mature cells (belonging to in the end of the light period) and mature cells, starting to release autospore at the beginning of dark phases. The higher levels of endogenous ABA during the algal autospore formation as well as exogenous ABA supply of (10-5 M) inhibited the infection process in the pathosystem green microalga Scenedesmus acutus and unicellular fungal parasite Phlyctidium scenedesmi. The treatment with fluridone 10-7 M (an inhibitor ofABA biosynthesis) increased the host susceptibiltty during all ontogenetic phases. The susceptibiltty of S. acutus to the chytridial infection depended on the endogenous ABA level during different ontogenetic stages of the alga.
Pathogenicity and ultrastructural investigation of the ribwort leaves inoculated with Phyllosticta plantaginis conidia was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy to examine the host-parasite relationship. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that all tested P. plantaginis isolates had infected leaves of ribwort. Of all inoculation methods, direct placement of colonized agar plugs on damaged epidermis and soaking leaves in conidial suspension were the most effective. The behavior of the conidia deposited on the leaves was investigated at different time intervals after inoculation: 7, 18, 25, 48 and 72 h. An appressorium appeared directly at the end of a short germ tube grown from conidia. Appressoria were formed over the cuticle in some distance from the stomata. Penetration through the stomata was observed.
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