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1
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Evaluation of the mineral composition of infant formulas

100%
Winiarska-Mieczan A., Tupaj M.
Journal of Elementology
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2009
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tom 14
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nr 3
583-591
The composition of modified milk for babies is based on the model of breast milk. Milk replacement formulas are produced on the basis of cow’s milk so it is necessary to modify all the nutrients in order to make them resemble most closely the model. Determination of babies’ nutritional requirements is based on the knowledge of women’s breast milk, which is regarded the best possible food in the first period of infant life. The concentration of mineral elements in breast milk is low and the total content of ash amounts to 0.2 g⋅dl-1. The content of sodium, potassium and chlorine is three times as low as in cow’s milk. The source of individual elements for babies is their food, though some elements are provided in drinking water and supplements. Typically, mineral elements are absorbed more effectively in the periods of intensive growth. It should be remembered that the mineral elements found in breast milk are characterised by much higher bioavailability than those present in modified milk. The major requirement for modified milk to be registered and authorised for sale in Poland is the conformity of its mineral composition with international recommendations. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of mineral components in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They were purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Mg, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mn, Na, Fe and K were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that all the examined milk samples contained much more Ca and Cu in comparison to recommended norms, whereas they were deficient in Mg and Mn.
2

Monitoring selected quality indicators of powdered infant milk formulas

86%
Michalak J., Kuncewicz A., Gujska E.
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
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2006
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tom 15/56
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nr Spec.Issue 1
This work was addressed to monitor some quality indicators content in commercial powdered infant milk formulas. Furosine, furfural compounds, vitamins (B1, B2, B6, and C) were determined in starting and follow-up infant milk formulas. Contents of furosine, total and free furfural compounds, and B group vitamins were assayed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. The contents of furfural (F), free and total hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the starting infant milks were lower than in the follow-up formulas, whereas free and total F contents were not detectable in the starting formulas. The content of free and total F in follow-up formulas ranged from 0.77 to 1.86 μmol/100g and from 2.70 to 7.08 μmol/100g, respectively. Free and total HMF contents in starting milks ranged from 1.22 to 1.47 μmol/100g and from 5.79 to 8.34 μmol/100g, respectively. The content of free and total HMF in follow-up milks ranged from 2.11 to 8.20 μmol/100g and from 19.86 to 84.89 μmol/100g, respectively. Similarly, the furosine content in starting infant milks (ranged from 53.47 to 57.57 mg/100g) was lower than in the follow-up infant milks (ranging from 70.94 to 96.14 mg/100g). There were higher levels of B group vitamins in the follow-up milk than in the starting infant samples. The content of vitamin C was higher in starting formulas then in the follow-up formulas. These values indicated that there was no significant difference between the results obtained and the labeled levels. These results show that the type and contents of proteins and carbohydrates in commercial powdered infant milk formulas (starting milk, follow-up milk) play an important role in the course of the Maillard reaction.
3
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Breastfeeding knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding of infants in first six months of life

72%
Zielinska M. A., Sobczak A., Hamulka J.
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
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2017
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tom 68
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nr 1
Background. Exclusive breastfeeding is the gold standard in infant nutrition. The maternal decision to breastfeed is affected by various factors, including breastfeeding knowledge. Objective. The purpose of this study was the assessment of the breastfeeding knowledge in selected group of mothers of infants under 7 months and its relationship to the exclusivity of breastfeeding. Material and methods. The study was carried out using the CAWI method from Dec 2014 till Feb 2015 among 446 mothers (aged 18-42) of infants under 7 months. The most of women lived in towns >100.000 inhabitants, had an university education and normal pre-pregnancy BMI. Breastfeeding knowledge was estimated using 15 questions (both 6 in general and child-related category and 3 in mother-related category). Results were analysed using multivariate logistic analysis and Chi2 and U-Mann Whitney tests. Results. 57% (group A) of women exclusively breastfeed their infants and 43% (group B) did not. Average mean breastfeeding knowledge test score was 11.9±3.4 points. Higher mean was observed in group A compared with group B (12.9±2.8 vs. 10.6±3.7 points; p≤0.001). Predictors of lower score (<11 points) were professional education, overweight and living in the rural area. Each correct answer to questions in general (OR1.93; 95%CI 1.57-2.37) or in child-related (OR1.33; 95%CI 1.10-1.63) category improved the chance of exclusive breastfeeding. Women from group A had a better score in every question. Conclusion. Breastfeeding education for mothers may improve breastfeeding rates.
4
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Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas

72%
Winiarska-Mieczan A.
Journal of Elementology
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2009
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tom 14
|
nr 3
573-581
Infants and little children are the highest risk group as far as the exposition to toxic metals is concerned. Newly born babies do not have effectively functioning regulatory mechanisms and the absorption of mineral elements, including toxic ones, is higher than in older children and adults. Separate, more rigorous requirements have been determined for food products for infant nutrition. Special attention is required in the case of toxic metals, including lead and cadmium, which are regarded as particularly harmful to the organism. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of lead and cadmium in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. Moreover, on the basis of surveys, the popularity of using milk replacement formulas was determined, as well as factors affecting this situation. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They had been purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Pb and Cd were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that only two preparations did not comply with the recommendations regarding the content of cadmium, while in the other samples the maximum value was not exceeded. It was also noted that the analysed preparations were not safe for babies as far as the content of lead was concerned. At the same time, it was observed that as many as 87% babies were breast-fed, which is a positive phenomenon, whereas 40% women used combined nutrition for their children (breast feeding alternately with powdered milk). The choice of a particular preparation resulted in the first place from the doctor’s recommendations, and next from babies’ preferences and friends’ opinions.
5
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Content of furosine in infant formulae and follow-on formulae

72%
Martysiak-Zurowska D., Stolyhwo A.
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
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2007
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tom 57
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nr 2
185-190
The determination of the furosine (FUR) indicator of the Maillard reaction in commercial infant formulae (IF), follow-on formulae (FF), human milk (N=10) and raw cow milk (N=7) was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). A high FUR content was confirmed that ranged from 1320±102.2 to 1550.9±166.5 mg/100 g protein in infant formulae IF and from 931.9±153.8 to 1156.7±104.5 mg/100 g protein in follow-on formulae FF (human milk – at the average below 6 mg/100 g protein). Such a significant difference between FUR values of commercially available formulas is accounted for imperfection of different technologies of manufacturing IF and FF. In dairy products damage caused by heat treatment could be greater as a result of manufacturing processes and storage conditions. Furosine content was used in order to calculate the concentration of blocked lysine. In infant formulas IF’s the blocked lysine levels were found to range from 19.6 to 34% of total lysine. Taking into consideration harmful for health, toxic products of Mallard reaction, the content of FUR should be labelled. In the Authors’ opinion, the content of furosine tolerance should make compromise between that what is theoretical demanded and that what is practical reached (fresh milk powder for all purposes – about 120 mg FUR/100 g protein, FF of producer C – 930 mg FUR/100 g protein). The authors’ suggestion is that the maximum allowable tolerance of FUR should not exceed 700 mg/100 g protein of IF and FF.
6
Content available remote

Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on gastrointestinal motility in newborns

58%
Indrio F., Riezzo G., Raimondi F., Bisceglia M., Cavallo L., Francavilla R.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2009
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tom 60
|
nr 6
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