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1

Trans fatty acids in infant formulae and follow-up formulae in Poland

100%
Mojska H., Zukowska K., Stos K.
Żywienie Człowieka i Metabolizm
|
2010
|
tom 37
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nr 4
Trans isomers of fatty acids may be formed during industrial fat and oil processing and naturally during biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms in the ruminants. The aim of our study was to determine fatty acid level, particularly trans isomers of fatty acids in randomly selected 32 samples of infant formulae and follow-up formulae in 2009 in Poland. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC/MS). The average content of trans fatty acids (TFA) amounted to 0.25% wtlwt (range 0.17-0.33% wt/wt) in infant formulae and 0.28% wtlwt (0.18-0.40% wtlwt) in follow-up formulae. There was no significant difference between trans fatty acids content in infant formulae and follow-up formulae. In TFA group the main fatty acid was trans 18:2 making up over a half of all trans isomers in both of formulae and next trans 18:3 (over 30%). The high level of above-mentioned trans isomers is pointing out on presence, mainly, vegetable oils in fat fraction of infant formulae milks. In conclusion, the trans fatty acid level in all analyzed products do not exceed 0.4% of fat so we confirm that they are safe for infants, who are not breastfed.
2

Polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk, UHT cow's milk and infant formulas

88%
Pietrzak-Fiecko R., Smoczynska K., Smoczynski S. S.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2005
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tom 14
|
nr 2
The content of polychlorinated biphenyls was determined in human milk collected from four regions of Poland, as well as in cow’s milk and infant formulas. Significant statistical differences in PCB levels were determined in human milk depending on the region. The highest PCB mean concentration (0.351 mg. kg⁻¹ milk fat) was determined in human milk from Gdańsk. An average of 0.218 mg PCB kg⁻¹ milk fat was determined in human milk, 6 and 17 times higher than cow’s milk and infant formulas, respectively. Higher (37%) content of PCB was found in the milk of women living in rural regions.
3

Macro- and microelements in human milk, UHT cow's milk and infant formulas

63%
Pietrzak-Fiecko R., Markiewicz K., Smoczynski S. S.
Journal of Elementology
|
2004
|
tom 09
|
nr 2
4

Content of odd-numbered carbon fatty acids in the milk of lactating women and in infant formula and follow-up formula

63%
Martysiak-Zurowska D.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria
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2008
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tom 07
|
nr 2
75-82
The objective of this study was to examine the relation between the content of pentadecanoic acid C15:0 (PA) and heptadecanoic acid C17:0 (HA) in human milk and the type of the mothers' diet and determine the content of these fatty acids in infant formulas and follow-up formulas available on the market. Thirty-four, healthy mothers, aged 24-33 y were take part in the study. Mothers were classified according to their diet status into one of two groups: diet low in dairy products (15) and standard diet (19). Analyzed 12 differences infant formulas, 6 infant formulas and 6 follow-on formulas. In the group of women whose diet was Iow in dairy products, the PA content of human milk fat reached on average 0.195 ±0.017% of total fatty acids, and the HA content - 0.202 ±0.012%. In the group of women eating a standard diet, a statistically significant increase was observed in the PA and HA content of milk fat which on average reached: PA - 0.406 ±0.019% and HA - 0.360 ±0.015% of total fatty acids. It was concluded that in respect of human milk, PA and HA could be regarded as biomarkers of milk fat consumption by lactating women. From among 12 investigated infant formulas (IF) and follow-up formulas (FF) which are available in retail, PA of 0.63 to 0.98% and HA of 0.37 to 0.60% of total fatty acids was found in only 4 formulas which contain bovine milk fat. In IFs which, according to the manufacturer's statement, do not contain milk fat, PA content was from 0.04 to 0.07% and HA - from 0.02 to 0.08% of total fatty acids.
5
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Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas

63%
Winiarska-Mieczan A.
Journal of Elementology
|
2009
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tom 14
|
nr 3
573-581
Infants and little children are the highest risk group as far as the exposition to toxic metals is concerned. Newly born babies do not have effectively functioning regulatory mechanisms and the absorption of mineral elements, including toxic ones, is higher than in older children and adults. Separate, more rigorous requirements have been determined for food products for infant nutrition. Special attention is required in the case of toxic metals, including lead and cadmium, which are regarded as particularly harmful to the organism. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of lead and cadmium in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. Moreover, on the basis of surveys, the popularity of using milk replacement formulas was determined, as well as factors affecting this situation. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They had been purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Pb and Cd were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that only two preparations did not comply with the recommendations regarding the content of cadmium, while in the other samples the maximum value was not exceeded. It was also noted that the analysed preparations were not safe for babies as far as the content of lead was concerned. At the same time, it was observed that as many as 87% babies were breast-fed, which is a positive phenomenon, whereas 40% women used combined nutrition for their children (breast feeding alternately with powdered milk). The choice of a particular preparation resulted in the first place from the doctor’s recommendations, and next from babies’ preferences and friends’ opinions.
6
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Effects of probiotic and prebiotic on gastrointestinal motility in newborns

51%
Indrio F., Riezzo G., Raimondi F., Bisceglia M., Cavallo L., Francavilla R.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2009
|
tom 60
|
nr 6
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