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1

Medical waste management in Poland – the legal issues

100%
Zimmermann A., Szyca R.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2012
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tom 21
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nr 4
This paper discusses the issue of medical waste, which is highly significant from the perspective of environmental protection. It describes the waste classification criteria, the methods of its collection, and neutralization. They are based on the legislation, including above all the Waste Act of 27 April 2001. The priority goal of the Act is to ensure that human health and life are protected. The Act was drawn up as a transposition of European directives. Analyzing the current legislation in force, the paper notes that the Polish legislature in the amendment to the Act of 2005 allowed medical infectious waste, posing an epidemiological threat, to be neutralized exclusively by means of incineration, excluding the possibility of using alternative methods. Thus the legislature expressed the view that only this method, despite its numerous disadvantages, is the most appropriate one for biohazardous waste. Moreover, due to the new provision of the Act, the expenses borne by hospitals to set up the infrastructure for alternative neutralization methods have proved to be unnecessary investments. The appropriate supervision over infectious medical waste management from the perspective of environmental protection, epidemiology, and occupational safety is a vital element in the development of a medical waste management system, but economic factors also should be taken into account.
2

Characterization of bottom ash, fly ash, and filter cake produced from hazardous waste incineration

100%
Veli S., Kirli L., Alyuz B., Durmusoglu E.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2008
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tom 17
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nr 1
139-145
In this study, the chemical characterization of solid residues, i.e., bottom ash, fly ash, and filter cake, produced from the Izmit Hazardous and Clinical Waste Incineration Plant (IZAYDAS) was investigated. The IZAYDAS is located in the city of Kocaeli in Turkey and it has been in use since 1997. Several parameters were measured, including AOX, Cl⁻, CN⁻, SO₄²⁻ and selected heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Ni, Hg, As(III), and Zn. The results showed that although the temperature and furnace residence time inside the kiln are maintained for complete combustion, cold points and pyrolytic conditions may occur locally and cause the formation of products of incomplete combustion in bottom ash. Fly ash has the highest content of soluble metals among the solid residues investigated. The concentrations in leachates are generally low in filter cake. Moreover, it has been proven that the AOX levels are higher in the bottom ash than in both the fly ash and filter cake.
3

Wlasciwosci fizykochemiczne popiolow ze spalania odpadow drzewnych w Zakladzie Kronopol w Zarach oraz mozliwosci i sposoby ich zagospodarowania

67%
Niedzwiecki E., Meller E., Kesek S., Jakubik A.
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
|
2007
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tom 518
119-125
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