Honey bees are very important insects for human food production. More than one-third of the food consumed by humans is pollinated by honey bees, including much of it fruits and vegetables. Numerous suspects have been identified in the hunt for a cause of CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), from nutritional deficiencies, viral, Nosema ceranae and parasitic to exposure to genetically modified plants or pesticides (isonicotinoids). It has also been suggested that CCD may be due to a combination of many factors and that no single factor is the cause. CCD is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a colony abruptly disappear. A significant Varroa destructor mite infestation leads to suppression of humoral and cellular immune responses of the honeybee. Therefore, it may be a major contributing factor to CCD. Moreover, V. destructor, an external parasitic mite that attacks honey bees by sucking hemolymph, spreads Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IABPV) to bees, as well as Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV), entomopathogenic bacteria and parasites.
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