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The using of the cytotoxic test let us to estimate the influence of some phenolic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, chinic) and their derivatives (tiliroside, lejocarposide, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid) on the resistance of mice thymocytes to steroids.
Badania obejmowały 11 olejków eterycznych i 9 składników olejkowych. Do oceny działania immunostymulującego zastosowano zmodyfikowany Carbon Clearance Test. Stwierdzono, że najsilniejsze działanie immunostymulujące wykazywały Ol. Pini i Ol. Citri. Średnią aktywnością charakteryzowały się Ol. Juniperi, Ol. Lavandulae, Ol. Thymi i Ol. Geraniae. Wśród badanych składników olejkowych najsilniejsze działanie immunostymulujące wykazywał a-pinen. Wyraźnym działaniem odznaczały się ponadto 1,8-cyneol i borneol. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że olejki eteryczne i substancje olejkowe o wysokiej aktywności immunostymulującej stwarzają możliwość ich praktycznego zastosowania w lecznictwie.
Studies were performed on 60 carps werghing from 30 to 40 g. Levamisole was used at the concentration of 10 mg per 1 l of water for 1 hour, and the drug TFX at 5 mg per 1 l of water for 96 hours. Blood was collected after 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the treatment. The following were assessed: the number of leukocytes and neutrocytes, the metabolic activity of granulocytes (NBT) and the level of lysozyme in the blood by the spectophotometric method. It was found that both levamisole and the drug TFX possessed immunostimulating effects in carps. Their effects lasted for 5 weeks following levamisole administration and to the end of the experiment in case of the TFX drug. The authors suggest that the TFX drug is more effective than levamisole and persists for a longer time in carps treated in such a manner.
The growing importance for controlling infectious diseases of swine, particularly of multifactorial etiology, by non specific immunostimulants of the innate immunity has been discussed. The necessity to extend research in this area was stressed as a consequence of the significant development of large scale production of swine, generating multifactorial diseases, and from the introduced restrictions in the use of antimicrobials. After this the innate defense mechanisms were characterized. Subsequently, mentioning anatomical and physiological barriers, the role in innate immunity of leucocytes, particularly neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages and monocytes), natural killer cells, defensins, complement, Toll-Like receptors and cytokines were described. The following immunostimulants used at present in veterinary medicine were mentioned: Biotropin (suspension of inactivated different bacterial species); different preparations containing Propionibacterium spp.; PG/LPS containing Propionibacterium granulosum cell walls (PG) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Inmodulen®, containing inactivated cells of Propionibacterium granulosum and lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli; a preparation of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing α-D-mannan and β-D-glucan; Lydium-KLP. The definition of adjuvants and their importance in the efficacy of vaccines was provided, mentioning particularly Aluminum hydroxide, oil emulsions and saponin preparations including ISCOM.
Bacterial infections are a serious problem for commercial farms of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Poland. Given the absence of efficient vaccines, it is crucial to search for new agents enhancing the non-specific immune response of the fish. In the present study, immunomodulating effects of lipopolysaccharide extracted from the virulent (LPS-P) and non-virulent (LPS-NP) strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were studied. For that purpose, different concentrations of LPS-P and LPS-NP (25, 50, and 75 µg/100 g body weight) were administered to test animals through intraperitoneal injection. The non-specific immune response of the fish were studied at days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 after vaccination. Immunostimulated fish showed an increase in total leukocyte count, in the population of monocytes and neutrophils, and in immature cell count in the whole blood. Phagocytic activity and the production of reactive oxygen species were also elevated after vaccination. Moreover, vaccinated fish showed a significant increase in serum lysozyme. The results of the present study show that LPS-NP has a greater immunostimulatory effect than LPS-P at doses of 50 and 75 µg/100 g body weight. In addition, 7 days after vaccination with LPS-NP (50 µg/100 g body weight), fish were challenged with the virulent strain of A. hydrophila. The relative percentage of survival in groups 1 and 2 was 58.82% and 76. 47%, respectively, which indicates that the administration of LPS-NP makes C. carpio more resistant to infection by A. hydrophila
The influence of poisoning with nitro-compounds on the immunological system of carp has been assessed under natural conditions using water diversion of the Nitrogen Plant at Puławy. The examinations were carried out on 80 carps weighing 250-300 g each which were maintained for six weeks in the water diversion and in which an increased level of nitro-compounds was found. Twenty fishes transported from a healthy environment served as control animals. After the period of poisoning the fish were placed in aquaria with water free from contaminants and remained under the influence of levamisole (5 mg per 1 1 of water) in order to stimulate immune mechanisms after nitro-compounds immunosuppression. The reaction of the immunological system was assessed on the following basis: the number of leukocytes and neutrocytes in 1 pi of blood, metabolic activity of granulocytes, the level of lysozyme in the serum and in the mucus of the carp. It was found that a chronic poisoning of carp caused irreversible changes in their immune system; the fish could not respond to the immunostimulating action of levamisole. The findings give the reasons to believe that fish kept for a longer time in water with an elevated concentration of nitro-compounds may be more susceptible to various disease-causing factors.
The influence of unspecific immunostimulation on the level of haptoglobin (Hp) in the sera of female polar foxes during a reproductive period has been determined. A statistically significant increase of the Hp level in sera of female foxes before immunostimulation resulted from a developing infectious inflammatory process in the reproductive tract. The serum level of Hp in sera of the females stimulated unspeciflcally is close to physiological values. However, in sera of the females from a control group the concentration of Hp persisted on a high level during the entire period of the experiment. The evaluation of the state of health of animals on the basis of the concentration of serum Hp decreases the risk of the transmission of diseases in farms of breeding foxes and hence decreases economical losses. Determining the concentration of Hp in sera of female polar foxes may be a useful criterion for the evaluation of their state of health during the reproduction period and efficacy of the unspecific immunostimulation used.
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