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Gene trapping is used to introduce genome-wide insertional mutations in embryonic stem cells. Determining the integration site is based on highthroughput PCR, which has inevitable possibilities for mistakes, thus necessitating clone verification prior to the generation of mutant mice. Here, we propose a rapid method to validate gene identity based on the fact that many high throughput gene-trapping integrations result in fusion proteins encompassing the N-terminal portion of the gene of interest and LacZ being expressed in embryonic stem cells. Our method utilizes an immunoprecipitation assay using a specific N-terminal-directed antibody to the protein product of the gene of interest followed by a color LacZ assay of the immunoprecipitate, strongly supporting the formation of a fusion protein when the color develops.
The minimal vertebrate telomerase enzyme is composed of a protein component (telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT) and an RNA component (telomerase RNA, TR). Expression of these two subunits is sufficient to reconstitute telomerase activity in vitro, while the formation of a holoenzyme comprising telomerase-associated proteins is necessary for proper telomere length maintenance. Previous reports demonstrated the high processivity of the human telomerase complex and the interspecies compatibility of human TERT (hTERT). In this study, we tested the function of the only known viral telomerase RNA subunit (vTR) in association with human telomerase, both in a cell-free system and in human cells. When vTR is assembled with hTERT in a cell-free environment, it is able to interact with hTERT and to reconstitute telomerase activity. However, in human cells, vTR does not reconstitute telomerase activity and could not be detected in the human telomerase complex, suggesting that vTR is not able to interact properly with the proteins constituting the human telomerase holoenzyme.
Serum, bile and faecal protein extracts from slaughtered sheep harbouring lancet flukes, were used to investigate the range of Dicrocoelium dendriticum proteins provoking systemic and local antibody responses in naturally infected animals. ELISA and Western blot tests showed that the lancet fluke infection induced in sheep, serum and local antibody responses against Tris-buffered saline (TBS) soluble somatic proteins, surface proteins and glycoproteins as well as excretions and secretions (ES) of adult D. dendriticum. Sera of infected sheep contained antibodies against 10-14 somatic polypeptides (molecular mass range: 223-12.5 kDa), against 4 surface proteins and up to 9 surface glycoproteins. Antibodies against lancet fluke antigens were also found in 70% of bile samples and 41% of faecal samples. Approximately 40% out of serum samples analysed, contained antibodies against 10 somatic polypeptides and some 24% samples reacted with 12-14 antigens. Serum, bile and faecal samples from non-infected sheep did not recognise any of the lancet fluke proteins.
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