The actin cytoskeleton of endosperm and of the mature endosperm chalazal haustorium cell of Rhinanthus serotinus was examined by immunohistochemistry and epifluorescence microscopy. A prominent actin cytoskeleton composed of numerous cross-linked filaments is present at the distal pole of the chalazal haustorium cell. Thick, longitudinally oriented bundles of microfilaments localize in transvacuolar cytoplasmic strands. A meshwork of delicate actin filaments surrounds the large polytene nuclei; some of the filaments radiate from the nuclear envelopes. Abundant and clearly visible actin filaments also occur at the proximal pole of the haustorium cell. A network of microfilaments in cortical cytoplasm and F-actin arrays associated with nuclei are found in endosperm proper cells.