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The postulated intramolecular signaling in immunoglobulins generated by antigen binding has been controversial for years. The high heterogeneity of immune complexes as signaling systems and the requirement of the immobilized antigen form for efficient triggering of effector activity is likely the reason for the lack of clarity. Here we present new evidence supporting the notion of intramolecular signaling, based on the use of supramolecular dyes that bind to signal-derived specific sites in immunoglobulins.
Thrombin plays a pivotal role in blood clotting as well as in the regulation of vascular remodeling and oxidative stress. Recent evidence suggests that auto-antibodies directed against prothrombin, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It is however not clear, if prothrombin bound in an immune complex retains its clotting and regulatory properties or acts solely by increasing vascular inflammation. In order to answer this question, we used a newly developed stain for the detection of thrombin activity of such complexes. Plasma and serum samples were subjected to rocket immunoelectrophoresis in an anti-prothrombin antiserum containing agarose gel. Gel plates, covered with a nitrocellulose membrane were soaked with chromogenic thrombin substrate. The product of thrombin activity was diazotized to red azo dye bound to nitrocellulose. Activity stain revealed barely discernible rockets in plasma, but heavily stained ones in serum. Pre-incubation with trypsin enhanced activity of immunoprecipitates deriving from plasma, but not from serum. Densitometric analysis showed, that the trypsin-enhanced activity in plasma derived immune complexes was twice as high as in serum derived immunoprecipitates. Thrombin active centre is not blocked by anti-prothrombin antiserum allowing to retain thrombin activity. Moreover, prothrombin in immunoprecipitate is readily cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. This cleavage could potentially be enhanced by antibody binding, although these results need to be confirmed using different antibodies.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus, is a prominent disease in Lebanon. The objectives of this study were to determine HLA allele-CE association in patients, and relate its presence to high anti-Echinococcus antibody titers and the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC). Thirty patients and 20 controls were included. HLA profiles were determined by DNA-SSP typing. Relative risk and P-values were determined for each allele using Statcalc (EpiInfo, Version 6). Linkage disequilibrium was determined for associated alleles using SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Antibody titers were determined by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and CIC by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. HLA-B*14 and HLA-DRB1*01 appeared to associate with protection against CE (P1 = P2 = 0.007 and P1 = P2 = 0.0007, respectively). However, it appeared that linkage disequilibrium did not exist between these 2 alleles (P = 0.250). HLA-B*35 was found to associate with susceptibility to disease (RR = 1.70, P = 0.02). Twenty five patients had anti-Echinococcus antibodies and 9 patients had CICs. However, there did not appear to be a correlation between the presence of HLA-B*35 and high antibody titers, or the presence of CICs. In conclusion, 2 HLA alleles that associate with resistance and 1 that associates with susceptibility to E. granulosus infection have been identified. The joint pain reported by some of the patients might be attributed to CIC deposits.
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