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The effects of species compositions (two-species mixtures or monocultures) and hydraulic retention times (HRT; 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 hours) on total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal from eutrophic water were studied in a constructed wetland. Two species mixtures showed higher efficiency to remove TN and TP than monocultures. Average removal efficiency of TN and TP was 49.6% and 34.0%, respectively. A longer HRT enhanced the removal efficiency of TN and TP, which suggested that species mixtures, HRT, and species mixtures × HRT interaction were useful for increasing the wastewater TN and TP removal.
In the present study the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) in SBR and sludge age (SRT) on the effectiveness of nitrogen removal from leachate was investigated. Two series were performed. In each series, experiments were carried out in four SBR operated in parallel at HRT 12, 6, 3 and 2d, respectively. Each series differed in sludge age. In series 1, SRT decreased from 51 to 17d with shortening of HRT, while in series 2 it was about 2 times shorter. In each series the amount of nitrogen used on biomass synthesis, removal of nitrogen in denitrification and losses of ammonium during the aeration phase were estimated on the basis of material balance for all nitrogen forms in SBR cycle. It was shown that nitrogen consumption on biosynthesis was decreased linearly to the HRT increase. In series 1, the rate of ammonium nitrogen removal increased from 5.38 mgNNH4/g VSS·h to 7.36 mg NNH4/g VSS·h with HRT shortening from 12 to 3d, respectively. In series 2 the rate of ammonium nitrogen removal was nearly constant, regardless of HRT and on average it was 1.74 mg NNH4/g VSS·h. The losses of ammonium nitrogen in series 1 increased from 8.2 mg N/dm³.cycle in SBR 1 to 33.4 mg N/dm³.cycle in SBR 4, while in series 2 it was almost 2 times lower.
This experiment was conducted in an aerated single-stage reactor at activated sludge concentration of about 3000 mg· dm-3. The influence of hydraulic retention time on nitrogen removal from rural wastewater was investigated. Hydraulic retention times were 24 and 12 hours. Two series were performed at a constant C/N ratio of 3.5. Enhancement of carbon removal from 83.8% to 87.6% was observed. An increase of activated sludge loading from 0.11g COD · g-1 · d-1 to 0.25 g COD · g-1 · d-1 did not cause total inhibition of nitrifica-tion, but nitrification efficiency decreased from 78.8% to 55.5%. Higher nitrogen removal efficiency (52%) was achieved in series I at 24 hours reaction time in contrast to shorter one (42%). Despite the fully aerobic condition, denitrification was observed. The denitrification process was pos-sible due to the use of accessibility of high amount of readily bioassimilable organic compounds. Obtained denitrification efficiency at C/N ratio 3.5 was about 50% during both experimental periods..
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