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1

Positions of septal papillary muscles in human hearts

100%
Jezyk D., Duda B., Jerzemowski J., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 2
Septal papillary muscles, similarly to other papillary muscles, are essential elements of the heart valvular system. Damage to their structure may lead to a considerable life risk. Of all the papillary muscles, the septal papillary muscles are characterized by the greatest topographical and morphological variability. However, information about these muscles is scarce and fragmentary. The objective of this study was to ascertain their occurrence and the region in which they are placed in the inter-ventricular septum. One hundred and eleven human hearts were examined. The hearts belonged to the Clinical Anatomy Department of the Medical University of Gdańsk. They were fixed in formalin with ethanol and came from middle-aged and older individuals of both sexes, devoid of pathological changes and birth defects. During the tests, classic anatomical methods were applied. The region where the papillary muscles are found covers a sizeable surface of the septum, from the conus arteriosus up to the back angle of the right chamber. Depending on their location the following septal papillary muscles (musculi papillares septales, MPS) were singled out: 1) lying on the front wall of the septum (anterior papillares septales), 2) in the central part of the septum (central muscles), and 3) in the posterior section of the septum (posterior papillares septales). A trial to determine the types of MPS was based on this diversity of location. Consequently, five types of MPS were specified: type I: anterior–central (44.1%); type II: anterior (15.3%); type III: anterior–posterior (13.5%); type IV: anterior–central–posterior (24.3%); and type V: uniform (2.75%). This study is an attempt to systematize and standardize the terminology of these structures. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 101–106)
2

Remarks on the morphology of the papillary muscles of the right ventricle

88%
Skwarek M., Hreczecha J., Grzybiak M., Kosinski A.
Folia Morphologica
|
2005
|
tom 64
|
nr 3
176-182
In addition to the papillary muscles of right ventricle referred to in anatomical nomenclature, namely the anterior, posterior and septal, we have distinguished the “conal papillary muscle” and the “papillary muscle of the posterior angle of the right ventricle”. The conal papillary muscle was described by Luschka in the 17th century as the most constant of the septal papillary muscles. We have distinguished the muscles of the posterior angle of the right ventricle as muscles which would not be clearly classified as either septal or posterior muscles. Moreover, the muscles of the posterior angle of the right ventricle are probably associated with the transfer of the papillary muscles from the septum to the posterior wall of the right ventricle during phylogenetic evolution. Some researchers have classified them with the septal papillary muscles [11, 12], while others have assigned them to the posterior group [5]. The morphology of the muscles was classified using earlier categories for the posterior papillary muscles only. We have adopted the concept of multi-apical and multi-segmental muscles [5].
3

Anatomy of the supraventricular crest in human hearts

75%
Wafae N., Menegucci D., Wafae G. C., Ruiz C. R.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 1
The supraventricular crest is a fleshy trabecula of the right ventricle that has an important function in guiding the blood flow. However, controversy persists regarding its anatomical constitution. In this study, we aimed to investigate its frequency, formation, termination, morphometry, and relationships with the septomarginal trabecula, septal papillary muscle, right atrioventricular ring, and left posterior semilunar valve of the pulmonary trunk valve. Our material consisted of 50 hearts from adult individuals of both sexes that had been preserved in 10% formalin. They were opened along the arterial cone by means of an incision starting at the pulmonary trunk and ending at the right margin. The supraventricular crest was always present. The marginal (right) extremity was formed by two to six muscle bundles that joined together (88%). On the septal (left) side, the single muscle bundle penetrated the interventricular septum directly (88%) or by means of two or three divisions (12%). It could form a septal band (52%) and could pass over the septal papillary muscle (43.5%) or just below it (34.8%). There was a relationship of muscle fibres between these two structures in 64% of cases. Dissection of the septal band demonstrated continuity with the septomarginal trabecula (46%). In 80% of cases, the crest was connected to the right atrioventricular ring and it participated in its outline directly (64%) or by means of muscle expansions (16%). Its muscle fibres bordered the left semilunar valve of the pulmonary valve in 50% of cases. Regarding morphometry, we observed that the length varied little with increasing weight of the heart (22.6%), but the height and width increased markedly with increasing weight of the heart. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 1: 42–46)
4

Patterns of normality for the right ventricular volumetric capacity in human fetal hearts from 100-500 grams of body weight

75%
Guisado L. A., Moreno J. A. C., Jimenez A. A., Barbero J. E. F., Arroyo C. R.
Folia Morphologica
|
1987
|
tom 46
|
nr 3-4
5

Morphology of the anterior papillary muscle in the right ventricle in human heart

75%
Podlecki K.
Folia Morphologica
|
1987
|
tom 46
|
nr 3-4
6

The septomarginal trabecula in the human fetal heart

75%
Nowinski J., Grzybiak M., Kuta W.
Folia Morphologica
|
1998
|
tom 57
|
nr 1
7

Myocardial bridges in the human heart: morphological aspects

75%
Kosinski A., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2001
|
tom 60
|
nr 1
The structures made of myocardium running most often above the coronary arteries are called the muscle bridges. However there is a large number of descriptions of that phenomenon, the data are not homogenous. Some papers affirm the occurrence of the clinical implications of their existence. The studied material contained 100 adult human hearts, both sexes, 21 to 76 years of age, preserved in formalin-ethanol solution. Standard anatomical methods were used in analysis with the help of a binocular magnifying glass. The presence of the bridges was confirmed in 41% of the researched material, most frequently above the anterior interventricular branch. The length of the bridges varies in the range of 2.3–42.8 mm, thickness 1.0–3.8 mm, angle between long axis of muscle fibres and long axis of the crossed vessel from 5° to 90°.
8

Arterial vascularization of the interatrial septum in the human heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification

75%
Krupa U.
Folia Morphologica
|
1995
|
tom 54
|
nr 1
9

Types of interventricular septal branches of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery in human hearts

75%
Kaletka Z., Mikusek J., Zembala M., Kuczmik W., Karmanski A.
Folia Morphologica
|
1993
|
tom 52
|
nr 3
10

Variability of posterior veins of the left ventricle in the adult human heart

75%
Duda B., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
1999
|
tom 58
|
nr 3
The frequency of occurrence and topography of the outfow portions of the posterior veins of the left ventricle were observed. One hundred fifty adult human hearts of both sexes from l8 to 85 years of age fixed in a formalin/ethanol solution were examined. Classical macroscopic anatomical examination methods were used. The posterior veins of the left ventricle were always present in the examined heart material, but occurred in varying number (l -4). The outfow portions of these veins were characterized by significant variation with regards to position as well as angle of its outfow.
11

The decrease in PPAR-alpha signalling in the failing human heart - a possible explanation for energy substrate preference switch

75%
Karbowska J., Kochan Z., Smolenski R. T.
Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters
|
2002
|
tom 07
|
nr Suppl.
12

The atrioventricular nodal artery in the human heart

75%
Krupa U.
Folia Morphologica
|
1993
|
tom 52
|
nr 2
13

Basic axes of human heart in correlation with heart mass and right ventricular wall thickness

63%
Skwarek M., Grzybiak M., Kosinski A., Hreczecha J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2006
|
tom 65
|
nr 4
385-389
A comparison of the data published in anatomy textbooks and anthropological tables does not reveal any change in basic heart dimensions during the period since the beginning of the 20th century to nowadays. However, normal values of many other parameters have changed up to 30% over the same period. These changes may be caused by the acceleration phenomenon or the extension of average lifespan. The progress of laboratory medicine methodology permitted the introduction of new biochemical tests in myocardial infarct diagnosis, such as myoglobin and troponins T and I measurement, as well as better understanding of cardiac metabolism. Parameters describing the direction and intensity of metabolic changes are substrate extraction and metabolic equilibrium. The expression describing metabolic equilibrium contains heart mass value. Therefore, as studying heart mass in vivo is not possible, it may be important to study it in vitro. The study was performed on a group of 107 formalin-fixed human hearts. The organs came from adults of both sexes: 30 women and 77 men, aged 18 to 90 years. None of the hearts carried signs of macroscopic developmental abnormalities or pathologic changes.
14

Number of the tendinous cords in the human left ventricle during fetal and postnatal period

63%
Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
1986
|
tom 45
|
nr 3
15

Types of the chordae tendineae spuriae in the left ventricle in the human adult heart

63%
Grzybiak M., Bobinski M.
Folia Morphologica
|
1990
|
tom 49
|
nr 3-4
16

The morphology of the right atrioventricular valve in the adult human heart

63%
Skwarek M., Hreczecha J., Dudziak M., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2006
|
tom 65
|
nr 3
200-208
Studies of the morphometry and normal anatomy of the tricuspid valve are in constant demand. Knowledge of the morphology of the normal tricuspid valve may be useful, for example in the context of the transfer of a leaflet of the tricuspid valve for repair or insufficiency of the mitral valve, in repair of the tricuspid valve after blunt chest trauma and in other surgical techniques of this region. In this study, performed in a group of 107 formalin-fixed adult human hearts, we attempted to assess the form and number of the main and accessory cusps in the tricuspid valve. Rare anatomical variants of the tricuspid valve were found. Using a planimeter we evaluated the surface area of the tricuspid valve and particular leaflets. With the help of a Vernier scale we measured the length and height of individual leaflets of the tricuspid valve and the length of the commissures. No differences were found between the length of the anterior and septal leaflets. The posterior leaflet was the shortest, while the anterior leaflet was the widest and had the largest surface area. The posterior leaflet was wider than the septal leaflet and had the smallest surface area. No differences were found between the main and accessory leaflets in the length of the commissures.
17

Microangioarchitectonics of the myocardial venous vessels in coronary heart disease

63%
Ratajczyk-Pakalska E., Bloch P., Kulig A.
Folia Morphologica
|
1990
|
tom 49
|
nr 1-2
18

The connection between the papillary muscles and leaflets of the tricuspid valve

63%
Skwarek M., Dudziak M., Hreczecha J., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2006
|
tom 65
|
nr 4
322-328
The tricuspid valve is more differentiated during evolutionary development than the mitral valve. In birds it is a muscular structure joined directly to the papillary muscles, although the mitral valve of birds resembles that of mammals. There have been well-known studies describing the evolutionary line of connection of the tricuspid valve with the papillary muscles. The present study was performed on a group of 107 formalin-fixed adult human hearts. The valves and papillary muscles were classified according to a scheme for human hearts drawn up earlier. The types of connection between leaflets of the tricuspid valve and the papillary muscles were classified according to a scheme drawn up earlier for vertebrates. We observed 3 types of connection between leaflets of the tricuspid valve and the papillary muscles in the group studied. The muscular and membranous connections were not linked with any one type of tricuspid valve. Atypical forms of distribution of the tendinous chords of the right ventricle were observed. It was found that valves with a higher number of leaflets were (with the exception of type 0) provided with a smaller number of tendinous chords. Atavistic features and atypical forms of distribution of the tendinous chords are present in a small percentage of samples of the human right valvular apparatus.
19

Variability of valve configuration in the lumen of the coronary sinus in the adult human hearts

63%
Duda B., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2000
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
Described by many authors, valves refer to the coronary sinus. The best known among them are Thebesius and Vieussen valves. Information about valves in the lumen of the coronary sinus, though, is rarely found in anatomic literature. Frequency of occurrence of valves in the lumen of the coronary sinus and the degree of their formation was chartered in this paper. 150 adult human hearts of both sexes from 18 to 85 years of age were tested, fixed in a formalin/ethanol solution. Classical macroscopic anatomical methods were used. The valves in the sinus lumen were observed in 10% of the tested hearts, usually presented as incomplete single ones (7.3%).
20

Assessment of the course of the great cardiac vein in a selected number of human hearts

63%
Kaczmarek M., Czerwinski F.
Folia Morphologica
|
2007
|
tom 66
|
nr 3
The aim of this work is to determine morphological and topographical aspects of the great cardiac vein, especially its relation to the branches of the left coronary artery. The examination of the cardiac veins was carried out on 36 specimens of hearts of both sexes aged between 12 and 70 and without any known history of change in cardiac pathology. The techniques applied by us were anatomical dissection and retrograde injection of the coronary vessels with Polimal 100, Polimal 150 and Durakryl resin. We examined the topography and morphology of the great cardiac vein and the mutual correlation between the great cardiac vein and the branches of the left coronary artery.
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