Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 is a key regulator of muscle development and metabolism in birds and other vertebrate species. In a first part, the present paper sums up the specificities of the IGF system in birds and especially those related to muscle development. In a second part, it reviews available data obtained with avian genetic or nutritional models. Data obtained by comparing genetic models with large variations of overall body growth show a positive relation between endocrine IGF-1 and growth rate. Data obtained using both genetic and nutritional models show a positive relation between muscle IGF-1 mRNA levels, which determine paracrine IGF-1 levels, and post hatch muscle growth.
In the central nervous system (CNS) generation of new neurons continues throughout adulthood, when it is limited to the olfactory bulb and hippocampus. The knowledge regarding the function of newly-generated neurons remains limited and is vigorously investigated using diverse approaches. Among these are genetically modified mice, most of them of knock-out type (KO). Results from 23 diverse KO mouse models demonstrate the importance of particular proteins (growth factors, nitric oxide synthases, receptors, cyclins/cyclin-associated proteins, transcription factors, etc.) in adult neurogenesis (ANGE) as well as separate it from developmental neurogenesis. These results bring us closer to revealing the function of newly generated neurons in adult brains.
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