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Speeds of dinosaurs from the Albian-Cenomanian of Patagonia and sauropod stance and gait

100%
Mazzetta G. V., Blanco R. E.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2001
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tom 46
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nr 2
Estimates of locomotory speeds of small to large-sized Patagonian dinosaurs are presented for the first time. These estimates are inferred from trackways found on fine to coarse-grained brown sandstones located in the lower section of the Candeleros Member of the Río Limay Formation (Albian-Cenomanian), Neuquén Province, Argentina. The method used is based on the measurement of the stride length (distance between two successive prints of the same foot) and of the length of the hindfoot print, which in turn, allows us to estimate the height at the hip joint and, therefore, the approximate size of the animal. The hypothesis of dynamic similarity implies that the movements of geometrically similar animals, although of different sizes, are dynamically similar only when they move with the same Froude number. The dynamically similar movements (i.e., those with equal Froude number) require equal values of relative stride length (ratio between the stride length and the hip joint height). The relationship between the relative stride length and the Froude number allows us to estimate the speeds of dinosaurs. The dinosaurian ichnofauna studied reveals low speeds that range from 0.5 to 2.6 m s⁻¹. Our analyses show that the sauropods responsible for these trackways were either walking very slowly in a bipedal stance or alternatively they were progressing quadrupedally on a slippery surface.
2

Measurement of functional independence level and falls-risk in individuals with ungiagnosed phenylketonuria

84%
Mazur A., Jarochowicz S., Oltarzewski M., Sykut-Cegielska J., Kwolek A., O'Malley G.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2009
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tom 56
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nr 4
613-618
 The aim of the study was to determine the level of functional independence in adult patients with previously undiagnosed or untreated phenylketonuria (PKU). The study was conducted among 400 intellectually impaired adult residents of Social Welfare Homes in South-Eastern Poland born prior to the introduction of neonatal PKU screening programs. PKU was screened by filter paper test using tandem mass spectrometry methods, and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of PKU organic acids in urine. Degree of functional independence included the assessment of activities of daily living (Barthel Index) and measures of balance and gait (Tinetti scale). Eleven individuals with previously untreated PKU were identified whereby eight presented with moderate disability and three with mild disability. Six had a high risk of falls and five had a moderate risk of falls. This study indicates that there is considerable number of undiagnosed PKU patients within the Polish population who require assessment and management in order to reduce the impact of the neurological and neuropsychiatric problems associated with the condition. Appropriate therapy for those with undiagnosed PKU should, in particular, address the risk of falls.
3
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Peripheral artery disease and activity-induced shifts in quadriceps median frequency during treadmill walking: a preliminary study

84%
Powell D. W., Walker M. M., Reed-Jones R. J., Bunn J. A.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2015
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tom 10
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nr 2
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with altered gait biomechanics. No previous research study has investigated the effect of activity on muscle activation in individuals with PAD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PAD on muscle activation in response to a ten-minute walking task. METHODS: Ten healthy young adults, ten healthy older adults and ten individuals with PAD performed a ten-minute treadmill walking trial at a self-selected velocity. Surface EMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius during five steps in the first and tenth minutes of the walking trial. EMG signals were rectified and smoothed using the root mean squared (RMS) with a 20 ms smoothing window. Peak RMS EMG and median frequencies (MdF) were calculated. Mixed-model ANOVAs with Tukey’s post-hoc was used to determine effects of group and activity on peak RMS EMG and MdF. RESULTS: PAD was associated with significantly greater reductions in MdF of the vastus lateralis compared to healthy young and healthy older adults. No significant differences were observed in peak RMS EMG. DISCUSSION: PAD is associated with exaggerated rates of fatigue in the quadriceps but not the gastrocnemius. Efficacy of evidence-based therapeutic interventions should be further investigated.
4

Overground locomotion in intact rats: contact electrode recording

84%
Gorska T., Majczynski H., Zmyslowski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1998
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tom 58
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nr 3
5
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In quest of the Pteraichnus trackmaker: Comparisons to modern crocodilians

67%
Kubo T.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2008
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tom 53
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nr 3
The Pteraichnustrackmaker is usually hypothesized to be either a pterosaur or a crocodilian. Though the latter interpretation is recently not widely accepted, more experimental work on trackways of extant crocodilians is necessary to settle the debate. Here, the trackways of three species of modern crocodiles (Paleosuchus trigonatus, Crocodylus porosus, and Tomistoma schlegelii) in all major gaits and postures, namely sprawling, walking and running, were compared with Pteraichnus trackways. In all experimentally generated crocodilian trackways pentadactyl manus tracks are recognized, the external width between pes tracks is wider than the corresponding internal width between manus tracks, and tail marks are usually present. All crocodilian trackways collected in the present study revealed significant differences from Pteraichnus, which strongly suggests a non−crocodilian origin of Pteraichnus.
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