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Great taxonomic and functional diversity of larval chironomids make them potentially very useful group for testing the relationships between degradation of freshwaters and diversity and stability of freshwater faunal assemblages. The main aim of the study was to evaluate influences of moderate degradation on taxonomic composition of larval chironomid assemblages in lowland streams, on their biological and functional diversity as well as on assemblage temporal stability. Larval chironomids were collected once a month from March through to October at seven sampling sites located on three, third-order lowland streams Orzysza, Święcek and Konopka (38.6 km, 28.5 km and 20.5 km in length, respectively) in Mazurskie Lakeland (north-eastern Poland). Sampling sites differed in terms of type of catchment utilization and distance from potential pollution sources. Totally 10 060 individuals of 92 chironomid taxa were found in the streams – 48 were identified to the species level, the rest of them were identified as higher taxa. The most diverse chironomid fauna were found in stream Orzysza – 72 taxa, while both in streams Święcek and Konopka 52 taxa were found. The most important variable determining taxonomic composition of larval chironomids in studied streams was seasonality. Percentages of common, numerous and frequent species sampled at the stations diverse in terms of degradation did not differ significantly. An only exception was Chironomus sp. gr. plumosus – percentages of its larvae at degraded stations were significantly higher. Species richness, rarity, taxonomic diversity, taxonomic distinctness and temporal stability of chironomids were significantly lower in degraded habitats, while taxonomic composition of assemblages sampled at sites divergent in terms of degradation did not differ. Ecologically specialized species had been represented in higher percentages in more natural sites, which means, that assemblages were also more diverse functionally therein. It clearly shows increased ecological uniformity of degraded habitats when compared with more natural ones.
The Crimean Peninsula holds a large number of hypersaline water bodies. Our studies focused on these poorly investigated habitats, and included few brackish and freshwater ponds. Seventeen species were identified, of which only 4(5) were collected from hypersaline waters sometimes with extremely high salinities (Acanthocyclops sp. copepodid, 210 ppt; Eucyclops sp. copepodid, 150 ppt; Diacyclops bisetosus and Cyclops furcifer, 140-150 ppt). We also report on the occurrence of three alien thermophilic species (Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997, Mesocyclops isabellae Dussart et Fernando, 1988, and Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943) from the brackish and fresh waters of Crimea. Morphological descriptions, illustrations of the diagnostic characters and comments on relevant taxonomic issues are supplemented with discussion of the putative ways of dispersal of the alien copepods to Crimea. We provisionally reinstate Eucyclops roseus, regarded by others as a subspecies of E. agiloides (G. O. Sars, 1909), and retain the name Acanthocyclops trajarni Mirabdullayev et Defaye, 2002 which was recently synonymized with A. americanus (Marsh, 1893) here considered a nomen dubium. Species accumulation curves based on our and literature data showed that significantly larger sampling efforts could yield a total of 6-8 species in the hypersaline waters and 47-50 species in all types of continental waters of Crimea.
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