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The objective of the present study was to assess the risk of borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) among the forestry workers of the Roztocze National Park (south-eastern Poland) by examination of Ixodes ricinus ticks living in park area with PCR method, and by the serological and clinical examination of the workers. In 406 examined ticks, the prevalence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 11.5%. The nested PCR reaction for determining the genospecies showed that the most common was Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (55.3% of total positive) followed by Borrelia afzelii (38.3%). As many as 6.1% out of 115 examined ticks showed the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA. The infection rate was high in males and females (14.3% and 11.1% respectively) and low in nymphs (1.5%). In 46 out 113 examined forestry workers (40.7%) the presence of specific IgG and/or IgM antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was found in ELISA test, while only 4 out of 56 urban blood donors showed a positive response (p<0.0001).The prevalence of IgG antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum determined with the use of indirect immunofluorescence test (IFA) was 17.7% in forestry workers compared to 5.4% in reference group of blood donors (p<0.05). No correlation was found between the presence of antibodies to A. phagocytophilum and to B. burgdorferi s. l. Clinical investigations of 113 forestry workers showed 3 cases of borreliosis (2.7%) and no cases of anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis). In conclusion, forestry workers of the Roztocze National Park in south-eastern Poland are often exposed to Ixodes ricinus ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and show a high proportion of asymptomatic borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) manifested by a positive serologic response, while the number of clinical cases is relatively low.
Occurrence of borreliosis in human population is associated with possibility of contact with the biological vector of this disease - a common European tick, Ixodes ricinus. Therefore, the highest number of cases of Lyme disease has been recorded among forestry workers and inhabitants of wooded areas. Diagnostics of borreliosis is based on immunoserologic tests - ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence method, Western blot technique, or on increasingly popular DNA examination using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the present study, where 61% of the forestry workers were seropositive, we also tried to find a correlation between the results of serological tests and PCR tests with the clinical state of the patients. Despite finding IgM antibodies in 10 persons tested, which would indicate their recent infection, no DNA of B. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in their blood. Also, no DNA of this bacteria was present in 8 persons with IgM and IgG antibodies. No genetic material of the bacteria was found in persons with IgG antibodies, indicating the possibility of chronic infection. The clinical data suggested past symptomatic infection (ECM), or even more often, asymptomatic infection with B. burgdorferi.
The purpose of this study was to determine models of labor consumption characteristics at the work station of a power chain saw operator in the following timber harvesting technologies: with horse skidding, using the Multi FKS winch, and using the NIAB 5-15 processor. The mean level of labor consumption was 22.66 min/m3. Six equations of a multiple regression were approximated. The coefficient of determination varied from 0.4 to 0.6, and this indicated a good fitting. The factors affecting the labor consumption level were as follows: characteristics of the harvested timber, thinning intensity indexes, and elements of the workday structure. The variation of thinning intensity indexes, determined on the basis of tabular data, was used to determine intervals of timber harvesting labor consumption according to stand age classes (degrees of difficulty) 30 and 40 years.
Obecne czasy charakteryzują się promowaniem postaw zmierzających do ograniczenia korzystania z nieodnawialnych źródeł energii, do zmniejszania emisji gazów spalinowych i zapobiegania zanieczyszczeniom środowiska. Z uwagi na wzrastający udział mechanizacji prac w leśnictwie, poznanie wielkości obciążenia środowiska szkodliwymi gazami i poszukiwanie sposobów ograniczających ich emisję nie budzi sprzeciwu. Zaprezentowane wyniki świadczą, że pozyskanie i zrywka drewna przy wysokim poziomie mechanizacji prac powoduje 3-krotny wzrost emisji dwutlenku węgla w porównaniu z tradycyjnym, ręczno-maszynowym modelem pozyskania i zrywki drewna. W odniesieniu do operacji ścinki, okrzesania i wyrzynki drewna, wzrost obciążenia środowiska jest 4-krotnie większy.
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