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A new hybrid inorganic-organic copolymer, aluminum chloride-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), was prepared using the free radical polymerization method and employed in this study. The hybrid copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This hybrid copolymer was used in the flocculation of wastewater as a new flocculant. The design variables in the flocculation experiments were hybrid copolymer dosage and wastewater pH. The central composite design (CCD) for the response surface methodology (RSM) approach was used to develop a mathematical model and to optimize the parameters of the flocculation process in terms of optimal removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. After applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of all quadratic models, it was found that the obtained value of the correlation coefficient (R2) was more than 0.98 for all models. The optimum hybrid copolymer dosage was 125 mg/l and the optimum pH 7.55. Under these optimum values, the wastewater treatment achieved 97%, 98.6%, and 88.6% removal of turbidity, TSS, and COD, respectively.
Coagulation/flocculation of a suspension of silica SiO2 was carried out with the use of macromlecular organic polymers which supported the action of two inorganic coagulants – PACl and Al₂(SO₄)₃. The results indicate the exceptional effectiveness of cationic and anionic flocculants in coagulation with Al₂(SO₄)₃ and an anionic polymer P 2540 in combination with PACl. They also show the correlation between the degree of purification of the liquid phase with 20 mg Al dm⁻³ from Al₂(SO₄)₃, supported by flocculants and the fractal dimension D of the aggregates obtained with Al₂(SO₄)₃ and organic polymers. An increase in coagulation of the liquid phase corresponds to an increase in the fractal dimension D = 1.52–1.97.
A study was carried out into sedimentation of sludge obtained in the process of coagulation-flocculation of pulp and paper wastewater with the use of PAC and organic polymers. An attempt was made to evaluate the effect of various organic polyelectrolytes on phase separation effectiveness. It was found that the application of cationic polymers at a dose of 1 mg dm⁻³ and 1.5 mg dm⁻³ (Z 63 and Z 92, respectively) in combination with PAC had a positive effect on the reduction in the sludge volume when compared with the sludge volume obtained in the process of coagulation with PAC without a flocculant. It was also noted that following the application of the optimum dose of either cationic or anionic polymers the sedimentation period was considerably reduced from 60 min (sample without flocculants) to even 30-35 min.
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