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Electrofishing was carried out at 66 sites in the Słupia River system. Twenty-five fish species were noted. The most frequent were trout (Salmo trutta), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and bullhead (Cottus gobio). Three groups of sampling sites were distinguished based on fish densities and species composition. These fish assemblages inhabited places that did not differ widely with regard to the 13 environmental parameters assessed. Although there were also no clear sequences of assemblages, the distinct influence of lakes and impoundments was evident.
Since 1981, acoustic information collected in the form of calibrated measurements of integrated echo energy has been applied at the Sea Fisheries Institute to observe the relationships between fish distribution and environmental factors. Data gathered in different seasons for each elementary distance unit (EDSU) at standardised depth intervals were compared to the values of selected environmental parameters measured in parallel. Acoustic, biological and hydrological data were correlated in space and transferred to the complex database, enabling 4D analysis of numerous factors characterising a wide range of fish behaviour. A number of methods and standards of comparisons are described to explain how to improve understanding of the relationship between 3D spatial environmental gradients and fish distributions. The results of various case studies, including the influence of hydrologic and seabed characterising factors, illustrate the practical application and validity of the methods. Particular attention is given to indicators of the dependence of local fish biomass density on the temperature structure in the sea.
Over recent decades, the Arctic region has been subjected to rapid climate change stemming from global warming. The advance of Atlantic waters to high latitudes is notable. The increased abundance of fish, such as cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), has been reported near the western coast of Spitsbergen and entering fjords together with Atlantic waters. This study used multifrequency acoustics to measure fish distribution and abundance in 2013–2014 in two Arctic fjords, the colder Hornsund, which is typically of Arctic character, and the warmer Kongsfjorden, which is more of Atlantic character. The study revealed a bimodal fish size distribution with larger fish in the deep parts of fjords, and smaller fish distributed in more shallow waters. An evident increase in the abundance of large fish, most probably Atlantic cod, was observed in Hornsund and especially in Kongsfjorden in 2014 in comparison to 2013. The intense inflow of Atlantic water on the shelf in 2014 is suggested as the explanation for this phenomenon.
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