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The paper presents in the first time the results of a micromorphological study on stamens of Sansevieria species. Flowers of 15 species obtained from herbarium specimens deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem and the Botanical Garden in Poznań were studied. Observations were conducted under a light and a scanning electron microscope. The study revealed significant differences between the outer and inner surfaces of anthers. All species have a well-defined endothecium of enlarged cells with a U-shaped or helical secondary wall thickening. The article includes descriptions and illustrations of several quantitative and qualitative features of anthers and filaments of some Sansevieria species. Our study indicates that stamen micromorphology may be taxonomically significant.
The impact of transient wind events on an established zooplankton community was observed during a field survey in a coastal region off northern Norway in May 2002. A transient wind event induced a coastal jet/filament intrusion of warm, saline water into our survey area where a semi-permanent eddy was present. There was an abrupt change in zooplankton community structure within 4–7 days of the wind event, with a change in the size structure, an increase in lower size classes less than 1 mm in equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and a decrease in larger size classes greater than 1.5 mm in ESD. The slope of zooplankton biovolume spectra changed from −0.6 to −0.8, consistent with the size shifting towards smaller size classes. This study shows that even well established zooplankton communities are susceptible to restructuring during transient wind events, and in particular when wind forcing induces horizontal currents or filaments.
Embedment-free electron microscopy (EFEM) is a new method which allows the visualisation of cytoskeleton in whole-mounted cells. In this study we employed EFEM to investigate the structure of cellular scaffolds in glioma C6 cell line. The cells were extracted with Triton X-100 that dissolves phospholipids in the membranes and removes most of cytoplasmic soluble proteins. The DNA and nuclear histones were removed with DNase I and high-salt buffer, respectively. The remaining cellular frameworks were temporary embedded in diethylene glycol distearate (DGD), sectioned and observed in transmission and scanning electron microscope after the removal of DGD. The predominant structure was the extensive meshwork of 10-20 nm filaments in the cytoplasm (cytomatrix) and 15-30 nm filaments in the nucleus (nuclear matrix). The 5 nm filaments, presumably corresponding to the actin filaments, were present in the cytomatrix, but not in the nuclear matrix. Moreover, the ultrathin (3 nm) filaments, connecting other cytoskeletal components were detected. Those are possibly identical with the previously described plectin filaments. For the first time we report the occurrence of ultrathin filaments in the nuclear matrix. Thus, in a addition to the well known cytoskeletal components (microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin microfilaments) EFEM showed a new type of filaments (the ultrathin filaments) in the cytomatrix and nuclear matrix. Further immunocytochemical studies are needed to determine the biochemical identity of the filaments observed in EFEM.
Callus induction was achieved from the protonema, whole gametophyte and gametophyte shoot cells in Atrichum undulatum, Bryum caespiticium and Polytrichum commune on modified MS medium containing 4% (w/v) glucose as the carbon source, MS + 4% (w/v) glucose + 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 1 mg/l kinetin, and on MS mineral salts with 10% (v/v) coconut milk. All cultures except cultures containing coconut milk were maintained in the light. Regeneration of gametophytes in A. undulatum, B. caespiticium, Plagiomnium affine and P. commune from protonemata, protonemata with abnormal buds, whole gametophytes, shoots of gametophytes and callus was observed on MS mineral salts, Knudson mineral medium, regular MS and Knudson media. Restored gametophytes were also obtained on MS mineral medium containing 10% (v/v) coconut milk from calluses or callus-type protonema. All cultures were maintained in the light.
The conducted studies pertained to micromorphology of the surface of epidermis cells and histological traits of staminal filaments of Asphodelus aestivus Brot, flowers. The structure of the filaments was analyzed in a light microscope (LM) using various histochemical techniques. The morphology of the surface of the epidermis of filaments was observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM). Filaments Asphodelus aestivus accrete together with the basal part of the abaxial surface with the leaves of perianth. Their lower, wider, and flattened part surrounds the ovary. The epidermis of the staminal osmophores creates papilliose cells and unicellular hairs of various sizes. In the uppermost part of these structures, round marks in the cuticle layer after the emission of discharge were observed with the SEM. The outside, convex wall of the isodiametric cells of the epidermis, papillae and hairs was significantly thicker from the remaining walls. It was covered with cuticle of different ornamentation. The cells that created papillae and hairs had a large, centrally located vacuole and a thin layer of cytoplasm with numerous small vacuoles as well as large, often lobed nuclei. In the protoplasts of these cells the presence of plastids and lipid droplets was noted. During the time of secretion of elicitor between the wall and cuticle of the epidermis cells, convex bubbles were formed, in which the secreted substance was accumulated. At the end of secretion, on the surface of papillae, hairs and other cells of the epidermis, irregularly protrading cuticle was observed. It was noted that the composition of staminal osmophores in the flowers of Asphodelus aestivus includes papillae, hairs and cells of the epidermis that do not form papillae.
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