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The effect of the ciliates, Eudiplodinium maggii, Diploplastron affine and Entodinium caudatum, and natural protozoal fauna on the ruminal murein concentration and mureinolytic activity was examined on three rams, repeatedly defaunated and refaunated with Eudiplodinium maggii, Diploplastron affine, Entodinium caudatum and natural protozoal fauna. The number of ciliates varied from 18 (E. maggii) to 334 x 103 /g rumen content (natural fauna). The murein concentration fluctuated between 180 and 277 mg/g dry matter (DM). The establishment of ciliates in the rumen of defaunated sheep decreased the murein content by 28-35% (P<0.05). Mureinolytic activity varied from 2.2 and 5.7 μg/g DM of rumen fluid/min and was the lowest in defaunated sheep and the highest in animals faunated with E. caudatum. The protozoa increased this activity from 32 (E. maggii) to 159% (E. caudatum). All examined parameters showed diurnal variations. The ciliate number was the greatest just before feeding and the smallest 4 h thereafter. The fluctuation pattern in murein content was inverse to that of protozoa concentration and mureinolytic activity.
Lake Gudera, a highland lake, is highly degraded by agricultural activity, but still serves the local community for irrigation and livestock watering. Preliminary investigations indicated chemical composition of NO3 (0.7 mg dm-3), turbidity (26 NTU) and conductivity (78 μs cm-1) with poor floristic and faunistic composition. The Community Elders explained that the wetland encroachment started in 1986/1987, was aggravated in 2002/2003 and now had resulted in 25% littoral zone macrophyte loss. Wetlands had been converted for agriculture, leaving reduced filtering capacity of the lake which impacted on the ecosystem services. Now there are growing calls for sustainable management for the various values and functions, involving different stakeholders to alleviate negatively impacting factors.
Many sauropod ghost lineages cross the Middle Jurassic, indicating a time interval that requires increased sampling. A wide taxonomic spectrum of sauropodomorphs is known from the Middle Jurassic of China, but the braincase of a new sauropod, named here Nebulasaurus taito gen. et sp. nov., is distinct. Nebulasaurus is sister taxon to Spinophorosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Africa and represents a clade of basal eusauropods previously unknown from Asia. The revised faunal list indicates dramatic transitions in sauropodomorph faunas from the Jurassic to Cretaceous of Asia; these are consistent with geographic isolation of Asia through the Late Jurassic. Non-sauropod sauropodomorphs, non-mamenchisaurid eusauropods (including basal macronarians), and mamenchisaurids successively replaced previous grades through the Jurassic, and titanosauriforms excluded all other sauropod lineages across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary.
The biotic diversity of springs is specific, which makes them valuable sites important for nature protection. Springs located in the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland (southern Poland) are characterized by low variability of environmental conditions, but their benthic fauna composition is considerably different. Benthic invertebrates, water chemistry as well as sediment characteristics of 25 springs were studied four times in 2003. The relationships between fauna composition and abiotic parameters were ascertained using multivariate statistical analyses. In total, fifty families or subfamilies and four higher taxa of invertebrates were identified in the springs studied. Only Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda) occurred in all of the springs, whereas crenophilic taxonomic groups such as Turbellaria, Bythinellinae, Nemouridae, Limoniidae, Limnephilidae and Enchytraeidae as well as ubiquitous taxa such as Tubificidae and Chironomidae were very common but not present in all springs. Important factors determining differences in the taxonomic composition (at the family level) of the invertebrate fauna of springs were found to be those connected with their geographical location as well as chemical and discharge parameters, which were different for southern and northern groups of springs. The taxonomic richness, i.e. the number of invertebrate taxa, was found to be strongly dependent on discharge and the content of organic matter in bottom sediments, whereas specific taxa mentioned above had other abiotic determinants such as alkalinity, NO3 and temperature.
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