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DNA microarrays, a novel approach in studies of chromatin structure

100%

Widlak P.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

2004

tom 51

nr 1

The DNA microarray technology delivers an experimental tool that allows surveying expression of genetic information on a genome-wide scale at the level of single genes — for the new field termed functional genomics. Gene expression profiling — the primary application of DNA microarrays technology — generates monumental amounts of information concerning the functioning of genes, cells and organisms. However, the expression of genetic information is regulated by a number of factors that cannot be directly targeted by standard gene expression profiling. The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is packed into chromatin which provides the compaction and organization of DNA for replication, repair and recombination processes, and is the major epigenetic factor determining the expression of genetic information. Genomic DNA can be methylated and this modification modulates interactions with proteins which change the functional status of genes. Both chromatin structure and transcriptional activity are affected by the processes of replication, recombination and repair. Modified DNA microarray technology could be applied to genome-wide study of epigenetic factors and processes that modulate the expression of genetic information. Attempts to use DNA microarrays in studies of chromatin packing state, chromatin/DNA-binding protein distribution and DNA methylation pattern on a genome-wide scale are briefly reviewed in this paper.

Genetics of fat tissue accumulation in pigs: a comparative approach

80%

Switonski M., Stachowiak M., Cieslak J., Bartz M., Grzes M.

Journal of Applied Genetics

2010

tom 51

nr 2

153-168

Fatness traits are important in pig production since they influence meat quality and fattening efficiency. On the other hand, excessive fat accumulation in humans has become a serious health problem due to worldwide spread of obesity. Since the pig is also considered as an animal model for numerous human diseases, including obesity and metabolic syndrome, comparative genomic studies may bring new insights into genetics of fatness/obesity. Input of genetic factors into phenotypic variability ofthese traits is rather high and the heritability coefficient (h²) of these traits oscillates around 0.5. Genome scanning revealed the presence of more than 500 QTLs for fatness in the pig genome. In addition to QTL studies, many candidate gene polymorphisms have been analyzed in terms of their associations with pig fatness, including genes encoding leptin (LEP) and its receptor (LEPR), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP3 and FABP4), melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R), and the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene. Among them, a confirmed effect on pig fatness was found for a well-known polymorphism of the IGF-2 gene. In humans the strongest association with predisposition to obesity was shown for polymorphism of the FTO gene, while in pigs such an association seems to be doubtful. The development of functional genomics has revealed a large number of genes whose expression is associated with fat accumulation and lipid metabolism, so far not studied extensively in terms of the association of their polymorphism with pig fatness. Recently, epigenomic mechanisms, mainly RNA interference, have been considered as a potential source of information on genetic input into the fat accumulation process. The rather limited progress in studies focused on the identification of gene polymorphism related with fatness traits shows that their genetic background is highly complex.

Ograniczanie wyników

1 Acta Biochimica Polonica

1 Journal of Applied Genetics

1 Bartz M.

1 Cieslak J.

1 Grzes M.

1 Stachowiak M.

1 Switonski M.

1 Widlak P.

1 2010

1 2004

Wyniki wyszukiwania

DNA microarrays, a novel approach in studies of chromatin structure

Genetics of fat tissue accumulation in pigs: a comparative approach