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Investigations of the longitudinal sizes of the smallest eddies (Kolmogorov’s microscale) presented in the paper are based on measurements of instantaneous velocities in a hydraulic laboratory in a compound trapezoidal channel with different roughness conditions (smooth bed, rough bed) and with trees system on the floodplains. Sizes of the smallest eddies varied in the ranges of 0.08 to 0.48 mm. The changes of longitudinal sizes of the floodplain microeddies are not caused by: the increase of floodplain roughness, the presence of trees, but only when the main channel bed is smooth, and they are also not caused by the increase of roughness of the main channel sloping banks. However, the increase of the size of the floodplain microeddies is influenced by trees, when the roughness of the floodplains and the main channel sloping banks are identical. The increase of microeddies size in the main channel is infl uenced by: the increase of the main channel sloping banks roughness, by the presence of trees on the floodplains, but only when the roughness of the floodplains and the main channel sloping banks are identical. Microeddies are larger in the main channel centerline than on the floodplains, and the smallest ones were present in the main channel/floodplain interface. The calculated values of microeddies reached decimal parts of a millimeter, and that is why it is difficult to prove vital changes of their values, caused by bed roughness and floodplain trees influence.
Water mass characteristics and circulation patterns in the Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea were studied for the first time during the r/v ‘Meteor’ cruise leg 44/2 from February 21st to March 7th 1999 using temperature-salinity profiles and current observations. The deep water in the northern Red Sea had similar characteristics to the well-mixed upper 450 m of water in the Gulf of Aqaba. This indicates that the winter mixed waters of the Gulf of Aqaba contribute significantly to deep-water in the northern Red Sea. Mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba is an annually repeated event that starts with the cooling of the surface water during November–December and reaches a maximum, which in most years extends down the entire water column in March–April. Waters deeper than the mixed layer in the Gulf seems to be rather passive and play no specific role in water mass formation in the northern Red Sea. In contrast to the Gulf of Aqaba, the upper 200 m of the northern Red Sea were stratified (21.5–23.5◦C, and 40.0–40.3 PSU). Stratification at the Strait of Tiran was weak (21.6–22.0◦C, and 40.3–40.5 PSU) and disappeared abruptly in the Gulf of Aqaba (21.4–21.6◦C, and 40.6–40.7 PSU). A well-developed cyclonic gyre with a diameter of about 50–60 km and maximum velocity of about 0.4 m s−1 was observed in the stratified upper 200 m of the northern Red Sea waters. The gyre may contribute to the preconditioning for intermediate water formation in the northern Red Sea.
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