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Environmental heterogeneity is a key regulator of ecological processes. Riverine floodplains are particularly heterogeneous and dynamic systems and loss of their natural environmental heterogeneity and dynamism as a consequence of human impacts constitutes their most serious threat. On river floodplains, flow and flood pulses create a shifting mosaic of channels, ponds, bars, islands, and riparian forest patches. Composition and spatial arrangement of these habitat patches determine their degree of connectivity, which in turn controls the flux of matter and energy among adjacent patches. In light of these attributes, riverine floodplains are model ecosystems for studying the effect of heterogeneity on ecological processes. In this article we introduce a conceptual model for river-floodplain ecosystems that unifies leaf decomposition, organic-matter input, storage and quality, and stresses the importance of the flow and inundation regime. In combining these aspects of organic matter dynamics, which have been treated separately in the ecological literature, this model fosters a more holistic perspective of ecosystem processes on riverine floodplains. We conclude that the linkage between natural heterogeneity and ecosystem processes needs to be considered in future river-floodplain restoration projects.
The project "Italian Map of Nature" (IMN) is dedicated to create an electronic map (GIS) of the environmental state (quality and vulnerability) of the Italian territory at different scales. Up to now the GIS of IMN is offering maps at a scale 1:50,000. The environmental quality is estimated on the basis of biological description of habitats that can be mapped at this scale, the vulnerability on the basis of variables related to the anthropogenic pressure. In this paper I want to show that the information collected for creating the data base of habitats for mapping purposes may be useful for getting information related to the climatic niche width of the species considered habitat indicators. In this paper I consider the heath species characterizing the IMN habitats of Italy in order to get an indirect estimation of the climatic vulnerability of Italian heathlands. To measure the climatic niche width of the species I propose a formula that combines the number of habitats (they characterize) with the heterogeneity of the habitats according to their distribution in altitudinal belts and in biogeographic regions. The results offer parameters on which to base a discussion for policy conservation of heaths and heathlands in Italy under the perspective of climate change.
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